Sustainability through energy-efficient buildings

311 Pages·2018·28.753 MB·English

by  Sharma, Professor of environmental studies, Shukla, Amritanshu

Sustainability through
Energy-Efficient Buildings

Sustainability through
Energy-Efficient Buildings
Edited by
Amritanshu Shukla
Atul Sharma
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Shukla, Amritanshu, editor. | Sharma, Atul (Professor of environmental
studies), editor.
Title: Sustainability through energy-efficient buildings / edited by
Amritanshu Shukla, Atul Sharma.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017052525| ISBN 9781138066755 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315159065 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Buildings--Energy conservation.
Classification: LCC TJ163.5.B84 S864 2018 | DDC 696--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052525
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Foreword I .....................................................................................................................................vii
Foreword II ......................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ..............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors .................................................................................................................................xiii
1. Introduction to Energy-Efficient Building Development and Sustainability ...........1
R. Singh and V.V.N. Kishore
2. An Introduction of Zero-Energy Lab as a Testbed: Concept, Features, and
Application .............................................................................................................................33
Tingzhen Ming and Yong Tao
3. Building Envelopes: A Passive Way to Achieve Energy Sustainability
through Energy-Efficient Buildings .................................................................................59
Manoj Kumar Srivastava
4. Passive and Low Energy Buildings ...................................................................................73
Lu Aye and Amitha Jayalath
5. Energy-Efficient Building Construction and Embodied Energy ................................89
R. Singh and Ian J. Lazarus
6. Building Integrated Photovoltaic: Building Envelope Material and Power
Generator for Energy-Efficient Buildings .....................................................................109
Karunesh Kant, Amritanshu Shukla, and Atul Sharma
7. Energy Conservation Potential through Thermal Energy Storage Medium
in Buildings .........................................................................................................................131
C. Veerakumar and A. Sreekumar
8. Silica Aerogel Blankets as Superinsulating Material for Developing Energy
Efficient Buildings ..............................................................................................................151
Kevin Nocentini, Pascal Biwole, and Patrick Achard
9. Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems for Energy-Efficient
Buildings ..............................................................................................................................165
Karunesh Kant, Amritanshu Shukla, and Atul Sharma
10. Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities
in the European Context....................................................................................................181
Delia D’Agostino
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vi Contents
11. Advances in Simulation Studies for Developing Energy-Efficient Buildings ......209
Karunesh Kant, Amritanshu Shukla, and Atul Sharma
12. Advances in Energy-Efficient Buildings for New and Old Buildings.....................235
A.K. Chaturvedi, Siddartha Jain, Deep Gupta, and Mridula Singh
13. Role and the Impact of Policy on Growth of Green Buildings in India .................259
Manish Vaid and Sanjay Kumar Kar
14. Energy-Efficient Buildings: Technology to Policy and Awareness ............................273
Saurabh Mishra
Index .............................................................................................................................................285
Foreword I
The rapidly progressing world is demanding more and more energy to be utilized for
different sectors, raising serious concerns over supply difficulties and exhaustion of
energy resources with heavy environmental issues. The buildings sector is responsible
for approximately 31% of global final energy demand, approximately one-third of energy-
related CO emissions, approximately two-thirds of halocarbon, and approximately
2
25%–33% of black carbon emissions. Energy consumption in the residential sector includes
all energy consumed by households, namely, energy used for heating, cooling, lighting,
water heating, and other consumer needs. This consumption is duly affected by income
levels, energy prices, location, building and household characteristics, weather, efficiency
and type of equipment, energy access, availability of energy sources, and energy-related
policies, among other factors. As a result, the type and amount of energy consumed by
households can vary significantly within and across regions and countries. As per data
available from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, energy consumed in the
buildings sector worldwide is increasing by an average of 1.5% per year from 2012 to 2040.
This is in sync with the growth in population, global and local climate change, increasing
demand for building services and indoor comfort levels, together with the rise in man-
hours spent inside buildings, which is expected to continue into the near future. This is
quite challenging while measuring against the aggregate energy production from differ-
ent resources, making energy efficiency in buildings a prime concern of today for energy
policy/technology researchers.
Among other energy sources used for the building sector, reliance on electricity is the
major provider, and it is supposed to remain same in the years to come. The electricity
share of the world’s residential energy consumption is predicted to grow from 39% in 2012
to 43% in 2040, and by 2025 electricity is expected to surpass natural gas as the leading
source of residential delivered energy. Seeing from other side, almost 60% of the world’s
electricity is consumed only for residential and commercial buildings purposes. The rapid
penetration of the air conditioning in the developing countries further accelerates the
electricity demand. China and India continue to lead world residential energy demand
growth, mainly as a result of their relatively fast-paced economic growth. In 2040 their
combined residential energy consumption, trending to more than double their 2012 total
will account for nearly 27% of total world residential energy consumption. With uncer-
tainty over the availability of fossil fuels into the future, rising demand for fossil fuels, ris-
ing concerns over energy security (both for general supply and specific needs of facilities),
and the potential that greenhouse gases may be negatively affecting the world’s climate, it
is essential to find ways to reduce electricity load, increase efficiency, and utilize renewable
energy resources in facilities of all types. More efficient energy and material use, as well as
renewable energy supply in buildings, may be critical to tackling the sustainability-related
challenges. Recent major advances in building design, know-how, technology, and policy
have made it possible for global building energy use to decline significantly. A number of
low-energy and passive buildings, both retrofitted and newly constructed, already exist,
demonstrating that low level of building energy performance is achievable.
Many of these aspects are well researched and documented, such as the engineer-
ing aspects, policy aspects, economical aspects, but in pieces. Surprisingly, there is lack
of understanding about the energy issues for buildings when put up in a single frame.
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viii Foreword I
Also, limited data exist on how energy technologies have progressed rapidly and how
well they have served end-uses. Another major knowledge gap lies in region-specific costs
of new buildings in relation to their energy performance and region-specific costs of ret-
rofits of existing buildings in relation to the savings in energy use achieved. Sufficient
knowledge is also required about the best practices, that is, the most sustainable means for
providing energy services in each developmental, cultural, geographical building sector.
Without a doubt “Sustainability” and “Energy-efficient buildings” are two very important
challenges to be achieved for mankind and make it a quite cumbersome but must-do task
to be achieved for today’s world, especially when put up together. Editors of this book,
Sustainability through Energy-Efficient Buildings, Dr Amritanshu Shukla and Dr Atul Sharma
have aptly taken up this challenge and have come out with a book that discusses the sig-
nificant advances being made in the direction of developing energy-efficient buildings and
developing a green, clean, and sustainable society. Such effort is the need of a time where
various research works in this particularly important area are to be viewed in a most com-
posite and comprehensive manner so that the knowledge acquired so far can be much
more useful for students, academicians, and professionals/practioners working in this
field. I congratulate both Drs Shukla and Sharma for bringing out a book which will be of
immense help in achieving the goal of managing growth in energy consumption through
improvements in the commercial and residential building sector.
Prof. Manthos Santamouris
Anita Lawrence Chair in High Performance Architecture, School of Built
Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Visiting Professor, Metropolitan University of London, U.K.
Visiting Professor, Univ Boltzano, Italy, Visiting Professor,
Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan
Visiting Professor, Cyprus Research Institute, Cyprus
Co-Editor in Chief-Energy and Buildings Journal
Foreword II
Over the last years climate change and the economic crisis have been affecting the
world. Rather than being only negative, the increase of global environmental aware-
ness has paved the way toward a low-carbon economy, while the economic recession
has called for the adoption of a new growth model. A critical issue of the global debate
is whether double dividend can be achieved, namely economic growth and environ-
mental objectives.
Accelerating the transition to a low-carbon competitive economy is both a tremendous
opportunity and an urgent necessity for Europe. The European Union is well placed to
lead this transition through specific policies and actions aiming to underpin our European
targets. The new momentum and clear direction stemming from the Paris Agreement is
further sustained by the European Commission’s adoption of the “Clean Energy for all
Europeans” package on 30 November 2016.
The “Clean Energy for all Europeans” package puts energy efficiency first. Saving
energy and improving energy efficiency is a prerequisite for the implementation of any
other policy, as energy savings is the biggest reservoir of energy sources. Energy effi-
ciency brings exceptional multiplier benefits to the economy, strengthening Europe’s
competitiveness, helping to reduce energy dependence, contributing to GDP growth and
job creation, increasing health conditions in households, and reducing the level of green-
house gas emissions.
Buildings can significantly contribute in this direction. The building sector has the
biggest untapped energy-saving potential. Improving the energy performance of the
European building stock remains high in the political agenda, not only because build-
ings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions
in the European Union, but because almost 75% of the buildings in Europe are energy
inefficient.
The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, together with the relevant measures
under the Energy Efficiency Directive and the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives,
provides a comprehensive regulatory framework for energy efficiency in buildings in the
European Union. Clearly, no regulation can succeed alone without the stimulation of a
dialog among market stakeholders, the critical thinking and creativity of the scientific
and academic society, the support of the institutional representatives of citizens, and,
eventually, the actual involvement of every citizen individually.
The goal we have set is ambitious, and so is the effort needed to create more sustain-
able cities and nearly zero-energy buildings, but the benefits to gain are more important
and will bring advantages in terms of environmental protection, economic growth, and
quality of life. This book, Sustainability through Energy-Efficient Buildings, constitutes an
excellent initiative, sharing recent advances and knowledge on energy-efficient concepts
and addressing the latest technological challenges and policy issues.
ix