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Sustainability and Quality of Life A STUDY ON THE RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEWS, VALUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AMISH, HUTTERITE, FRANCISCAN AND BENEDICTINE COMMUNITIES Martine Vonk 1 ISBN 978-90-5881-560-6 (thesis) ISBN 978-90-5881-561-3 (trade edition) © 2011 Martine Vonk Omslagontwerp: Buijten & Schipperheijn, Amsterdam Pictures at the cover: Trappists in Echt, Netherlands (picture owned by Livar) and Amish- barnraising, Ohio, USA (picture made by Klaas-Hemke van Meekeren). 2 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Sustainability and Quality of Life A STUDY ON THE RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEWS, VALUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AMISH, HUTTERITE, FRANCISCAN AND BENEDICTINE COMMUNITIES ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op dinsdag 21 juni 2011 om 13.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Martine Anita Vonk geboren te Gorinchem 3 promotor: prof.dr. J.J. Boersema copromotor: prof.dr. P. Ester 4 Table of content Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chapter 1 Exploring the relation between religion and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2 Debate on Christian thinking and the ‘ecological crisis’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2.1 White’s thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2.2 Dominium texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.2.3 Christianity and Western development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3 Surveys on religion and environmental behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.1 Surveys on White’s thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.2 Denominations and religious beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3.3 Environmental attitudes and behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.4 Research design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.4.1. Religious worldview, values and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.4.2 Aim and research questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.4.3 Research groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.5 Structure of the dissertation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chapter 2 Theoretical perspective and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2 Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Religion and worldviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.1 Defining religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.2 Worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4 Values and quality of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4.1 Defining values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4.2 Quality of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 2.5 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.1 Defining sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.2 Sustainability and quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.5.3 Measuring environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5 2.6 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.6.1 Participatory research: theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.6.2 Participatory research: practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Chapter 3 Amish and the challenge of reflective change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2 Amish history and culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3 Amish religious worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3.1 Religion and rituals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3.2 Values and cultural symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 3.3.3 Social structure and social capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.3.4 Reflective change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4 Amish economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.4.1 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.4.2 Amish farming and the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4.3 Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4.4 Economy and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.5 Sustainability and environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5.1 Energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.5.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.5.3 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.5.4 Environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 3.6 Amish worldview and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 3.6.1 Clashing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 3.6.2 Promising values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Chapter 4 Hutterite worldview and communal living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.2 Hutterite history and culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.3 Hutterite religious worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.3.1 Religion and rituals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.3.2 Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.3.3 Social organisation and social capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 4.4 Hutterite economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 4.4.1 General Hutterite economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 4.4.2 Agriculture of Forest River Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 4.4.3 Shared income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 4.4.4 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 4.4.5 Challenges of technology and modernity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.5 Sustainability and environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.5.1 Energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.5.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 6 4.5.3 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.5.4 Environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 4.6 Hutterite worldview and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 4.6.1 Clashing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 4.6.2 Promising values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Chapter 5 Franciscan order and the practice of poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.2 The life and Order of Saint Francis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.2.1 The Poverello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.2.2 Saint Francis’ writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5.2.3 Franciscan Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 5.3 Franciscan religious worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.3.1 Religion and rituals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.3.2 Values and cultural symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 5.3.3 Social organisation and social capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 5.4 Franciscan economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 5.4.1 Vision on labour and finances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 5.4.2 Agriculture and gardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 5.5 Sustainability and environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.5.1 Energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.5.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 5.5.3 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 5.5.4 Environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5.6 Franciscan worldview and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.6.1 Clashing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.6.2 Promising values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Chapter 6 Benedictine order and the vow of stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 6.2 Benedictine history and culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.2.1 Benedict of Nursia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.2.2 Benedictine Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 6.3 Benedictine religious worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.3.1 Religion and rituals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.3.2 Vows and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.3.3 Social organisation and cultural symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 6.4 Benedictine economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.4.1 Vision on labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.4.2 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7 6.5 Sustainability and environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.5.1 Energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.5.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 6.5.3 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.5.4 Environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 6.6 Benedictine worldview and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 6.6.1 Clashing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 6.6.2 Promising values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Chapter 7 Values, quality of life and sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 7.2 Reflection on the religious communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 7.2.1 Maintaining quality of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 7.2.2 Community comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 7.3 Promising values for a low environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 7.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 7.4.1 Connecting values to Western society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 7.4.2 Reflection on the theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 7.5 Sustainability and quality of life in Western society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Samenvatting in het Nederlands (Summary in Dutch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Appendix 1 Overview of surveys on religion and environmental behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Appendix 2 Checklist for observation, interviews and literature study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Appendix 3 Ground plan of a Hutterite dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Appendix 4 The writings of Saint Francis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Appendix 5 The daily schedule in four visited Franciscan communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Appencix 6 The daily schedule in five of the visited Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 About the author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 8 Acknowledgements It has been a privilege to be a PhD student and to deepen my knowledge about science and particularly about sustainability, religious worldviews and communal life. Writing this thesis has been quite a long journey. Though the road was not always easy, it has enriched me. Not in the least owing to the inspiring persons who were willing to share their knowledge, experience and wisdom with me. This thesis could only be achieved with the help of many persons. I want to thank Jan Boersema en Peter Ester for their supervision, patience, encouragement and enthusiasm for this thesis. They helped me to discover my own research questions and to shape this thesis. I enjoyed my time at the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), particularly the open atmosphere in which interesting issues could be discussed and the sociability that offered a good balance for scientific work. The colleagues of the Blaise Pascal Institute challenged me to participate in a more philosophical discourse. At the research school of SENSE I deepened my knowledge of multidisciplinary research on environmental issues. I am deeply grateful for the communities who welcomed me to do participatory research and let me join their lives for a period. The Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College welcomed me to study the Anabaptist communities. I want to thank Stephen Scott who introduced me to several Amish families. My stay at the Amish families Stoltzfus, Esh and Kline left a deep impression and I appreciated their willingness to let me participate in their daily life. I want to thank Forest River Colony and in particular the Hut- terite family Maendel, who treated me as a member of the family. Furthermore, I want to thank members of De Wonne in Enschede and the Franciscaans Milieuproject Stoutenburg, Franciscans of ‘Sint Antonius van Padua’ in Megen, Franciscans of San Damiano, Poor Clares of ‘Sint-Josephsberg’ in Megen, Benedictine Sisters of ‘Sint- Liobaklooster’ in Egmond, Benedictine Abbey of Vallombrosa, Benedictine Sisters of ‘Spirito Santo’ in Citerna, Trappists of ‘Cisterciënzerabdij Lilbosch’ in Echt and the Trappists of ‘Maria Toevlucht’ in Zundert. I loved to participate in the monastic daily schedule of alternating work and prayer times and to talk about motivations that underlie their way of life. Furthermore, I want to thank Donald Kraybill, Rod Janzen, Astrid von Schlachta, Ria van Dinther osc, Gerard Pieter Freeman, Koos Leemker, Tini Brugge and Wil Derkse for their willingness to be interviewed. A special thank is for Pamela Simpson who has edited my texts in a very punctual way. Furthermore, I want to thank prof.dr. Donald Kraybill, prof. ir. Klaas van Egmond, prof. dr. Wil Derkse, prof. dr. Piet Visser and prof. dr. André Droogers for their willingness to review this thesis and to participate in the promotion committee. I also owe many thanks to the funds 9 that made this study and the publication of this book possible. These funds are: (cid:37)(cid:3) Dittmerfonds (cid:37)(cid:3) Haak Bastiaanse-Kuneman Stichting (cid:37)(cid:3) Stichting Thomas More, voorheen Radboudstichting (cid:37)(cid:3) Fonds Oosterbaan I want to thank Buijten & Schipperheijn for publishing this book. I am greatly indebted to my dear family. My husband Klaas Hemke has been extremely patient. The road was considerably longer than expected and I want to thank him for letting me finish this thesis. I want to thank my parents Jaap en Gerie Vonk, my parents in law Riek en Anneke van Meekeren and our neighbours Rob, Alette and Esther Koelé for the many hours they cared for our daughter Mirthe and all the other things they did in order to let me write. My PhD research took place in an exciting period in which many life events took place as well, like our marriage and the birth of Mirthe. At the time I was writing the last chapters, I also had to deal with breast cancer and underwent a period with treatments and recovery. I am very grateful to God that I am healthy again and that I am able to present this book. I am happy to have more time for my family and friends again and to be open for new ways to continue studying these interesting themes. 10

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Aim and research questions . Chapter 2 Theoretical perspective and methodology . Chapter 3 Amish and the challenge of reflective change . a discussion and a new model for studying the relation between religion and
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