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Surviving the French Revolution Surviving the French Revolution A Bridge across Time Bette W. Oliver LEXINGTONBOOKS Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•Toronto•Plymouth,UK PublishedbyLexingtonBooks AwhollyownedsubsidiaryofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com 10ThornburyRoad,PlymouthPL67PP,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2013byLexingtonBooks Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Oliver,BetteWyn,date. SurvivingtheFrenchRevolution:abridgeacrosstime/BetteOliver. pagescm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-7391-7441-8(cloth:alk.paper)—ISBN978-0-7391-7442-5(electronic) 1.France—History—Revolution,1789–1799—Socialaspects.2.France—History—Revolution, 1789–1799—Refugees.3.France—History—Revolution,1789–1799—Influence.I.Title. DC158.8.O452013 944—dc23 2012051430 TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1 CrossingtheBridge 5 2 FromMonarchytoRepublic 19 3 FrenchÉmigrésintheUnitedStates 35 4 ArtistsandWriters 51 5 RulebyTerror 67 6 FlightoftheFugitives 81 7 ThoseWhoSurvived 95 Conclusion 111 Bibliography 121 Index 127 AbouttheAuthor 135 v Acknowledgments As an independent scholar, I have benefited greatly from discussions with my colleagues in French history. The annual meetings of the Con- sortiumontheRevolutionaryEra1750–1850andtheWesternSocietyfor French History have provided me with valuable opportunities to ex- change ideas and consider useful suggestions about my work. The friendship and comments extended by my colleagues are all greatly ap- preciated. ThanksareduealsotothehelpfulstaffsoftheBibliothèqueNationale- Richelieu,theBibliothèqueDoucet,andtheArchivesNationalesinParis, wheremostoftheresearchforthisbooktookplace. I am grateful to Terry Sherrell of OneTouchPoint/Ginny’s in Austin for her assistance and expertise in dealing with the electronic aspects of this book; to Professor Hermina Anghelescu of Wayne State University forcompilingtheindex;andtoAnnSeagoandMariaGonzalezforexpe- ditingbookordersfromtheUniversityofTexasLibrary. vii

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The unleashing of the French Revolution in 1789 resulted in the acceleration of time coupled with an inability to predict what might happen next. As unprecedented events outpaced the days, those caught up in the whirlwind had little time to make judicious decisions about which course of action to fo