Survival for a small planet: the sustainable development agenda

375 Pages·2004·1.25 MB·English

by  Tom Bigg

Survival for a Small Planet
The Sustainable Development Agenda
Edited by
Tom Bigg
London • Sterling, VA
First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2004
Copyright © The International Institute for Environment and Development,2004
All rights reserved
ISBN: 1-84407-077-8 paperback
1-84407-076-X hardback
Typesetting by MapSet Ltd,Gateshead,UK
Printed and bound by Creative Print and Design (Wales),Ebbw Vale
Cover design by Declan Buckley
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Survival for a small planet :the sustainable development agenda / edited by Tom Bigg.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-84407-077-8 (pbk.) – ISBN 1-84407-076-X (hardback)
1.Sustainable development.I.Bigg,Tom.
HD75.6.S856 2004
338.9'27--dc22
2003018295
This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper
Contents
List of Tables, Figures and Boxes viii
List of Contributors x
Forewordby Mohammed Valli Moosa,minister of environmental affairs
and tourism,South Africa xviii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xx
Acknowledgements xxiv
Part 1: Global Governance
1 The World Summit on Sustainable Development:Was it Worthwhile?
Tom Bigg, IIED 3
2 Security and Sustainability
Jan Pronk, IIED chair and former UN secretary-general’s
special envoy for WSSD 23
3 The Trade and Environment Agenda Post-Johannesburg
Mark Halle, IISD and Nicola Borregaard, RIDES (Chile) 32
4 Moving Beyond Kyoto:Developing Countries,Climate Change and
Sustainable Development
Adil Najam, Tufts University (US) and SDPI (Pakistan), Saleemul Huq,
BCAS (Bangladesh) and Youba Sokona, ENDA (Senegal) 46
5 Financing Sustainable Development:Is There Life after Johannesburg?
Adil Najam, Tufts University (US) and SDPI (Pakistan) 59
6 Global Public Goods:Some Key Questions
Keith Bezanson, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex 67
7 Towards Better Multilateral Environmental Agreements:Filling the
Knowledge Gaps
Adil Najam, Tufts University (US) and SDPI (Pakistan) 74
vi SURVIVALFORASMALLPLANET
8 The International Framework for Action:Is the CSD the
Best We Can Do?
Simon Upton, chairman of the OECD Round Table on
Sustainable Development 85
Part 2: National and Local Governance
9 National Sustainable Development Strategies
Stephen Bass and Barry Dalal-Clayton, IIED 101
10 Striving for Good Governance in Urban Areas:The Role of Local
Agenda 21s in Africa,Asia and Latin America
Gordon McGranahan, IIED, Liliana Miranda, Ecociudad,
David Satterthwaite, IIED and Luz Stella Velasquez, IDEA-UN 121
Part 3: Equity and Sustainable Development –
Towards New Ways of Working?
11 Environment and Human Rights:A New Approach to Sustainable
Development
Maria Adebowale, Capacity Global, Chris Church, ANPED, Beatrice Nduta
Kairie, ELCI, Boris Vasylkivsky and Yelena Panina, Eco-Pravo Kyiv 137
12 The Politics of Radical Partnerships:Sustainable Development,
Rights and Responsibilities
Charles Secrett, former executive director, Friends of the Earth UK 152
13 The Age of Globalization
Tariq Banuri, SEI Boston 173
14 What Does the Feminization of Labour Mean for Sustainable
Livelihoods?
Nazneen Kanji, IIED and Kalyani Menon-Sen, UNDP India 180
15 Environment and Human Health:Towards a Shared Agenda for
Sustainable Development
Gordon McGranahan, IIED and Marianne Kjellén, SEI 191
16 The Links between Migration,Globalization and Sustainable
Development
Cecilia Tacoli, IIED 200
17 Research Partnerships for Sustainable Development
Steve Bass, IIED 207
CONTENTS vii
Part 4: Poverty Reduction and Natural Resource
Management
18 Poverty and Environment
Damian Killeen, Poverty Alliance Scotland and Shaheen Rafi Khan,
SDPI (Pakistan) 215
19 Forest Policy and Practice since UNCED
Steve Bass, James Mayers and Sonja Vermeulen, IIED 227
20 Poverty Reduction through Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Biodiversity
Izabella Koziell, DFID and Charles McNeill, UNDP 247
21 Reconciling Agriculture and Wildlife:Policy and Research
Challenges of ‘Ecoagriculture’
Sara J Scherr, Forest Trends (US) and Jeffrey A McNeely, IUCN 258
22 Improving Access to Water and Sanitation:Rethinking the
Way Forward in Light of the Millennium Development Goals
Gordon McGranahan and David Satterthwaite, IIED 268
Part 5: Markets and Sustainable Development
23 Do the Poor Count?
Roberto Bissio, Third World Institute (Uruguay) 285
24 The Chains of Agriculture:Sustainability and the Restructuring of
Agrifood Markets
Bill Vorley, IIED 292
25 Pro-poor Tourism:Harnessing the World’s Largest Industry for the
World’s Poor;Turning the Rhetoric into Action for Sustainable
Development and Poverty Reduction
Dilys Roe, IIED and Penny Urquhart, Khanya, South Africa 309
26 Mining and Minerals:Breaking New Ground
Luke Danielson, IIED 326
27 Corporate Citizenship:Revisiting the Relationship between Business,
Good Governance and Sustainable Development
Halina Ward, IIED, Nicola Borregaard, RIDES (Chile) and Paul Kapelus,
Africa Institute of Corporate Citizenship (South Africa) 343
Index 353
List of Tables, Figures and Boxes
Tables
9.1 Changing approaches to strategies 117
15.1 Burden of disease,by cause and region (1990) 195
22.1 A more integrated perspective on demand-side water
management 275
25.1 Significance of international tourism to poor countries 316
27.1 Drivers of corporate social responsibility 347
Figures
7.1 Who:different research suppliers have different core strengths 76
7.2 What:different types of research are required 77
7.3 When:different phases are motivated by different types of
research focus 79
7.4 The IPCC experiment:driving research;driving agenda 80
9.1 A ‘continuous improvement’approach to sustainable development
strategies 116
10.1 Affluence and the urban environment 131
15.1 A stylized environmental transition 194
15.2 Physical environmental contribution to the global burden of
disease,by selected disease groups 196
15.3 The environmental portion of the global burden of disease 197
21.1 Global biodiversity hotspots 259
21.2 Geographic relation between protected areas and agricultural land 261
22.1 National share of households with access to improved water
sources by GDP per capita and presence or absence of water stress 273
Boxes
1.1 WSSD terminology:a short guide 11
1.2 EU discussion paper on the Global Deal (December 2001) 12
1.3 Key outcomes from CSD11 19
3.1 Benefits of further liberalization? 37
9.1 Scope of research needed for sustainable development 113
10.1 Examples of Local Agenda 21s 128
LISTOFTABLES,FIGURESANDBOXES ix
14.1 Why are women disadvantaged in the labour market? 181
14.2 The Philippine garment industry 182
14.3 The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA),Ahmedabad,
India 183
14.4 Women’s role in horticulture:Chile and South Africa 184
14.5 Women’s role in household food security:Orissa,India 185
14.6 ‘Adjusting to adjustment’in Delhi,India 188
18.1 Examples of environmental injustice in the UK 223
19.1 Who relies on trees and forests? 234
19.2 Benefits to local livelihoods from pro-poor forestry 235
19.3 Advantages to governments of pro-poor forestry 236
19.4 Regulations benefit livelihoods and forests when poor people
have rights and control 237
19.5 The challenge to making forestry profits legal and equitable 237
19.6 Water,forests and poverty reduction 237
19.7 Agriculture,forests and poverty reduction 238
19.8 Health,forests and poverty reduction 238
19.9 Energy,forests and poverty reduction 239
19.10 Employment,forests and poverty reduction 240
19.11 Land titles,forests and poverty reduction 241
19.12 Forest product markets,forests and poverty reduction 242
19.13 Biodiversity conservation,forests and poverty reduction 243
19.14 Carbon management,forests and poverty reduction 244
20.1 The UN Convention on Biological Diversity 248
20.2 Biodiversity contributes to poverty reduction in at least five key
areas 249
20.3 Millennium Development Goals and Targets 250
20.4 About the Equator Initiative 256
24.1 Diverging rural worlds 293
24.2 Processing tomatoes as a strategic agricultural commodity 297
24.3 Smallholders and agribusiness:contract potato production in
northern Thailand 302
25.1 Tourism facts and figures 310
25.2 Pro-poor tourism 312
25.3 Ten sustainability needs 314
25.4 Significance of tourism to South Africa 315
25.5 Tackling poverty through tourism in South Africa 317
25.6 The road to Johannesburg 318
25.7 Responsible tourism in South Africa 319
25.8 Pro-poor tourism around South Africa’s Addo Elephant
National Park 322
List of Contributors
Maria Adebowale is the founder and director of the new non-governmental
organization (NGO) Capacity Global, working on community participation,
poverty,environment and human rights issues at local,national and international
levels.She is a commissioner of the UK Sustainable Development Commission.
She is a trustee of One World Trust, and is also a research fellow at the
University of Westminster,Centre for Sustainable Development.
Tariq Banuri is senior research director at the Stockholm Environment
Institute (SEI),Boston.His work has focused on conceptual as well as practical
issues in sustainable development – including the analysis of macroeconomic
and trade policies, institutions, governance, legal systems, and community
development. He is a leading member of two of the largest professional
networks in this area: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
in which he is a convening lead author; and IUCN – the World Conservation
Union, where he is the elected chair of the Commission on Environmental,
Economic and Social Policy (CEESP).
Stephen Bass was the International Institute of Environment and
Development’s (IIED) director of programmes until September 2003. He
specializes in participatory environmental and forest policy, having started his
career with IUCN as adviser to the ground-breaking national conservation
strategy processes in Nepal and Zambia.He also has considerable experience in
institutional development in forestry and environment in many countries,
principally in southern Asia, the Caribbean and southern Africa. He was
previously IIED’s director of forestry and land use, and received the Queen’s
Award for outstanding achievement in forestry in 2001.
Keith Bezanson is director of the Institute of Development Studies at the
University of Sussex,Brighton,UK.Previously,Dr Bezanson has been Canada’s
ambassador to Peru and Bolivia; manager of the administrative department at
the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington; and president of the
International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Canada.
Tom Bigg is senior research associate for Global Governance at IIED. A
particular focus for his work was the World Summit on Sustainable
Development, held in Johannesburg in August–September 2002. Prior to this,
he worked for over seven years with the United Nations Environment and
Development UK Committee (UNED-UK).Tom recently completed a PhD in
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS xi
Sociology at City University, London, and has written and edited a number of
publications on sustainable development.
Roberto Bissio is the coordinator of Social Watch, a network with member
NGO coalitions in over 50 countries that monitor implementation of the
Copenhagen and Beijing commitments. Roberto is a member of the Third
World Network’s international committee and of the civil society advisory group
to the UNDP administrator. He was the founder and first director of the
Instituto del Tercer Mundo, a non-profit research, publishing and advocacy
centre based in Montevideo (www.item.org.uy).
Nicola Borregaard is executive director at Recursos e Investigación para el
Desarollo Sustenable, a Chilean research institute. She holds a PhD in land
economy from Cambridge University, UK. She has worked as head of the
Department for Environmental Economics at the Chilean National
Commission on Environment, as executive director of the Center on
Environmental Research and Planning, CIPMA, as a researcher and consultant
for international and national agencies, and as a lecturer in Chile and in
Germany.
Chris Church has been co-chair of the Northern Alliance for Sustainability
(ANPED) for five years. He works in the UK as an adviser on sustainable
development at the local and community level to the UK Community
Development Foundation and to many other organizations.He is a co-founder
of the UK Environmental Justice Network and works extensively on poverty,
health and environment issues.He is also a member of the European EcoForum
Coordinating Board and from 1998 to 2000 he was special NGO adviser to the
TACIS Environmental Awareness Programme. He has worked on numerous
projects in Eastern Europe.For more information see www.suscom.org.
Barry Dalal-Clayton has extensive experience in sustainable development
planning and policy assessment, natural resource management, environmental
assessment, soil survey, tropical rural development and agriculture. Dr Dalal-
Clayton is currently director for strategies, planning and assessment at IIED,
concentrating on broad issues of sustainable development. He has directed
research on the environmental assessment of the development projects,
programmes and policies of aid agencies and has been involved in a range of
major project feasibility and appraisal studies. In addition, he has been deeply
involved in analysing approaches to national sustainable development strategies
and environmental action plans, and in assisting governments in the
development and implementation of such strategies.
Luke Danielson was the project director of the Mining, Minerals and
Sustainable Development project at IIED. Prior to this he was the director of
the Mining Policy Research Initiative, a project of the International
Development Research Centre in Montevideo, Uruguay. The Mining Policy
Research Initiative exists to promote research into the role of mining in balances
and sustainable development of Latin American and Caribbean communities.
xii SURVIVALFORASMALLPLANET
Mr Danielson was with IDRC between September 1998 and March 2000.Prior
to that, he was a faculty member at the University of Chile Faculty of Law. He
has also served as Latin American programmes consultant to the Tulane
Institute for Environmental Law and Policy at Tulane University Law School in
New Orleans, Louisiana, US. Mr Danielson also has considerable experience in
analysis of energy projects of various types, including hydroelectric, solar
thermal,nuclear,wind,coal,and other types of projects.
Mark Halle is director for trade and investment for the International Institute
for Sustainable Development. He was previously director for global policy at
IUCN – The World Conservation Union, and has worked with the World
Wildlife Fund and the United Nations Environment Programme. He founded
the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development in 1996 and
was the first chairman of the board.Mr Halle lives in Geneva,Switzerland.
Saleemul Huq founded the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, the
major non-government research and policy institute working on environment-
and development-related issues in Bangladesh.He was also awarded the Robert
McNamara Fellowship from the World Bank (1986–1987) and Duggan
Fellowship (1989) from the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC), US.
As one of the leading environmental planners at the national and international
level, he has worked for numerous international agencies and advised national
government planners on global environmental issues.He currently runs IIED’s
Climate Change Programme and is an adviser to UNDP’s Capacity 21
Programme where he has helped develop the Agenda 21 programmes in
Mongolia,Bhutan,Gambia and Kazakhstan.
Nazneen Kanji joined IIED in May 2000 to develop a ‘Participation and
Livelihoods’research programme.She is currently involved in a research project
on the policy influence of NGOs on land reform in sub-Saharan Africa. She
has been involved in social development research, programming, consultancy,
teaching and training for the past 20 years. Her research has focused on the
impact of economic and social policy change at the household level and on
policy-oriented participatory poverty research. She has worked as a social
development consultant for the UK Department for International Development
(DFID), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA),
NORAD, Swiss Development Corporation and for international NGOs. She
has also been involved with gender training in a number of countries,
particularly in east and southern Africa.
Paul Kapelus is a founding director of the African Institute of Corporate
Citizenship. He has a masters degree in social anthropology (Sussex University,
UK). He has 12 years’ experience in the field of corporate citizenship and has
worked throughout Southern Africa on corporate social responsibility projects
and programmes. Paul is a member of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
Stakeholder Council,and on the AccountAbility Council.