Survivability Design Guide for US Army Aircraft. Volume 1. Small-Arms Ballistic Protection

422 Pages·2012·17.97 MB·English

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AD891122
NEW LIMITATION CHANGE
TO
Approved for public release, distribution
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FROM
Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't.
agencies only; Foreign Gov't. Info.; Nov
1971. Other requests shall be referred to
Army Air Mobility Research and Development
Lab., Fort Eustis, VA.
AUTHORITY
USAAMRDL ltr, 30 Mar 1976
THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED
4AEI
USAAMRDL TECHNICAL REPORT 71-41A
DESIGN GUIDE FOR U.S . ARMY AIRCRAFT
"(cid:127)SURVIVABILITY
VOLUME I
SMALL-ARMS BALLISTIC PROTECTION
By
mt Witer 0. Ootseth
November 1971
EUSTIS DIRECTORATE
U.S . ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY
FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA
CONTRACI DAAJ02-70-C-0044
LOS ANGELES DIVISION
NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
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DISCLAIMERS
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Deparl-
ment of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized
documents.
When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for
any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government
procurement operation, the United States Government thereby incurs no
respronsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the
Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the
said ,drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by
implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any
other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission, to
manufacture, use, or sell any patented irncntion that may in any way be
related thereto.
Trade names cited in this report do not constitute an official endorsement
or approval of the use of such commercial hardware or software.
DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS
Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the
originator.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U. S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY
EUSTIS DIRECTORATE
FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA 23604
(U) This first edition of Small-Arms Ballistic Protection Survivability
Design Guide for U. S. Army Aircraft was prepared by North American
Rockwell, Los Angeles Division, under'th'e terms of Contract DAAJ02-70-
C-0044.
(U) Under the contract, Army aircraft survivability design data generated
over the past ten years were compiled and analyzed in the area of aircraft
vulnerability reduction and aircrew protection against small-arms fire.
From this source of information, pertinent design data related to aircraft
vulnerability reduction and aircrew protection were selected and developed
into this design guide for use by aircraft engineers, designers, and other
personnel responsible for Army aircraft survivability.
(U) The contents of this guide have been coordinated with the Air Force
Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, and
the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center. It is expected that re-
visions will be made and published from time to time to correct and update
the guide and to add pertinent information as it becomes available.
(U) Comments or suggestions pertaining to the data contained in this guide
will be welcomed by this Directorate.
(U) The technical monitor for this contract was Mr. Stephen Pociluyko,
Safety and Survivability Division.
Task 1F162203AI5003
Contract DAAJ02-70-C-0044
USAAMRDL Technical Report 71-41A
November 1971
SURVIVABILITY DESIGN GUIDE FOR
U.S. ARMY AIRCRAFT
VOLUME I
SMALL-ARMS BALLISTIC PROTECTION
By
Walter D. Dotseth
Prepared by
Los Angeles Division of North American Rockwell
for
EUSTIS DIRECTORATE
U.S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY
FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA
Distribution limited to U. S. Government agencies only;
contains foreign information and threat level data;
November 1971. Other requests for this document
must be referred to the Eustis Directorate, U. S. Army
Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory,
Fort Eustis, Virginia 23604.
ABSTRACT
An extensive literature and information search was conducted to identify
military aircraft small arms protection enhancement techniques developed
during the past 10 years. This data was analyzed and used to develop a
comprehensive survivability design guide for incorporation of ballistic
protection features in U.S. Army aircraft, The design guide is structured
for use by aircraft configuration and subsystem design organizations, It
provides guidance for overall survivability design considerations and de-
tailed information on specific enhancement techniques. The greatest
amount of the design guide information is unclassified and is contained in
this document to facilitate its use by individual designers. Special
classified information has been placed in Volume II (USAAMRDL Technical
Report 71-41B) for use by design specialty areas.
iii
FOREWORD
This document was prepared for the Eustis Directorate, U.S. Army Air
Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, Virginia, by the
Los Angeles Division of North American Rockwell Corporation under Con-
tract DAAJ02-70-C-0044 (Task 1F162203A15003). The data contained in this
publication was obtained through an extensive search of related published
documents and other data developed during the past 10 years. Appreciation
is extended to the following military activities for providing information
and guidance required for specific portions of the rese-a-ch effort:
* U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories
* U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory
* U.S. Army Combat Developments Command
* U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
* U.S. Army Natick Laboratories
* U.S. Army Board for Aviation Accident Research
Acknowledgement is also extended to those aircraft manufacturers who pro-
vided data and information on survivability/vulnerability features of their
aircraft for use in this publication.
Special credit is due to Mr. Stephen Pociluyko, Eustis Directorate project
engineer, for, his diligence and cooperation in the total development of
this guide.
V
ftiCaiIND PAGE BLANK-NOT FIUME]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ..................... .............................. iii
FOREIVORD ......................... .............................. v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. ....................... .... ix
LIST OF TABLES ................... ........................... xx
INTRODUCTION ....................... ............................ 1
CHAPTER 1. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY DESIGN FACTORS ...... ......... 3
1.1 Introduction ................... ...................... 3
1.2 Definition of Survivability/Vulnerability Terms ... ..... 5
1.3 Vulnerability Assessments ............ ................ 7
CHAPTER 2. BALLISTIC THREAT CHARACTERISTICS ......... ............ 14
2.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 14
2.2 Small-Arms Systems ......... ................... .... 14
2.3 Projectiles .................. .. ............ .. 18
2.4 Projectile Ballistics ......... .................. ... 19
CHAPTER 3. GENERAL PROTECTION TECHNIQUES .... ............. ... 30
3.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 30
3.2 Minimized Detection .............. ................... 31
3.3 Redundancy/Separation ........ .................. ... 38
3.4 Isolation .............. ........................ ... 41
3.S Damage Tolerance/Resistance ..... ............... .... 41
3.6 Leakage Suppression/Control ..... ............... .... 41
3.7 Fire/Explosion Suppression ...... ............... ... 42
3.8 Fail-Safe Response ............... ................... 43
3.9 Material Selection ............... ................... 44
3.10 Masking/Armor ............ ...................... ... 44
CHAPTER 4. SPECIFIC DESIGN PROTECTION TECHNIqUES ... ......... ... 72
4.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 72
4.2 General Configurations ........ ................. ... 72
vii
PfIfci)D FAG( BLWA NOT r mILj
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AB'STRACT .......... .............................. . i.i.i.
FOREiORD ............... ....................... . .... v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. ....................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ............... .............................. xx
INTRODUCTION. ..................... .......................... 1
CHAPTER 1. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILI'IY DESIGN FACTORS ..... ......... 3
1.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 3
1.2 Definition of Survivability/Vulnerability Terms ........ 5
1.3 Vulnerability Assessments ......... ................ 7
CHAPTER 2. BALLISTIC THREAT CHARACTERISTICS ................ ... 14
2.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 14
2.2 Small-Axns Systems ....... ................... ... 14
2.3 Projectiles ................. ....... ............ 18
2.4 Projectile Ballistics ......... .................. 19
CHAPTER 3. GERAL PRUT.CTION TECHNIQUES .... ............. ... 30
3.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 30
3.2 Minnimzed Detection ..... ................... .... 31
3.3 Redundancy/Separation ...... .................. ... 38
3.4 Isolation ......... ........................ ... 41
3.S Damage Tolerance/Resistance .... ............... .... 41
3.6 Leakage Suppression/Control ........... ....... ... 41
3.7 Fire/Explosion Suppression .......... ............... 42
3.8 Fail-Safe Response ...... ................... ... 43
3.9 Material Selection ...... ................... ... 44
3.10 Masking/Armor . .................................. 44
CHAPTER 4. SPECIFIC DESIGN PROTECTION TECHNIqMES . .... ......... 72
4.1 Introduction .................. ...................... 72
4.2 General Configurations .......... ................. 72
vii
TABLE OF CONTF.NTS
Page
4.3 Stnicti'res .............. ........................ .... 79
4.4 Personnel Stations .......... .................... ... 94
4.5 Fuel Systems ............ ....................... .... 142
4.0 Propulsion Systems ................ .................... 201
4.7 Power Train Systems ..... ............... ............. 222
4.8 Environmental Control Systems ....... .............. ... 244
4.9 Flight Control Systems .............. .................. 250
4.10 Fluid Power ............. ....................... .... 273
4.11 Armament Systems .......... ..................... ... 291
4.12 Electrical Power/Avionics Systems ..... ............ ... 297
4.13 Landing Systems ............. ..................... ... 302
CHAPTER 5. TRA '-OFF STUDY FACTORS ............ ................. 307
5.1 Introduction ............ ....................... .... 307
5.2 Trade-Off Studies Task ........ .................. ... 308
6.0 LITERATURE CITED. ............. ........................ .... 320
GLOSSARY .................... .............................. .... 330
APPENDIX 1. S'ALL-ARMS THREAT INFOPMATION ..... ............. ... 336
1.1 Introduction ............ ....................... .... 336
1.2 Small-Arms Weapons .......... .................... ... 336
1.3 Small-Arms Projectiles .............. .................. 336
APPENDIX II. ARMOR MATERIALS DATA ......... ................. ... 365
2.1 Introduction ........ ....................... ..... 365
2.2 Armor Material Characteristics ...... .............. ... 365
DISTRIBUTION ............... ................... 393
viii