Surveying fundamentals and practices

354 Pages·14.934 MB·English

by  Nathanson, Jerry A;Lanzafama, Michael T;Kissam, Philip

Surveying Fundamentals and Practices
S E
IXTH DITION
Jerry Nathanson, M. S., P. E.
Professor Emeritus, Engineering Technology
Union County College
Cranford, New Jersey
Michael T. Lanzafama, P. E., P. L. S., P. P.
Adjunct Instructor, Surveying
Union County College
Cranford, New Jersey
Philip Kissam, C. E.
Late Professor Emeritus
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nathanson,Jerry A.
Surveying fundamentals and practices / Jerry Nathanson,Michael T.
Lanzafama,Philip Kissam.––6th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-0-13-500037-3 (alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-13-500037-8 (alk.paper)
1. Surveying. I. Lanzafama,Michael T. II. Kissam,Philip III. Title.
TA545.N28 2011
526.9––dc22
2009050875
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-500037-8
ISBN 13:978-0-13-500037-3
Dedication
To the courageous men and women who are serving or have served in the
armed forces of the United States of America, for the defense of
freedom and democracy at home and abroad.
This page intentionally left blank
PREFACE
S
urveying Fundamentals and Practices is an of great significance with regard to the many coordinate
introductory textbook for use in colleges or tech- geometry (COGO) and computer-aided design (CAD) pro-
nical schools where a basic but practical approach grams that are commercially available.It is essential that
to surveying is desired.It is of value primarily to students technicians working on tasks related to surveying know the
in civil and civil/construction technology programs.It is basic concepts related to the operation of surveying instru-
also useful for self-instruction and for on-the-job training ments,and the analysis (reduction) of surveying data,to
ofsurveying technicians.Others who may find this a useful avoid major blunders.Appendix Aprovides information on
book are students and practitioners of architecture, the use oftraditional survey equipment and methods.
geology, geography, forestry, real estate, and related sub-
jects in which the measurement and mapping of natural
NEW TO THIS EDITION
land features,boundary lines,buildings,roads,and other
infrastructure on the ground are important aspects. (cid:2) Chapter objectives at the beginning ofeach chapter
This textbook is written in a clear and easy-to-read
(cid:2) Coverage ofconstruction layout techniques that use elec-
style,presenting the fundamentals of surveying at a level
tronic equipment,current computer software,and RTK
quickly grasped by most beginning students. In some
(real-time kinematic) field procedures
colleges,the traditional field ofsurveyingmay now be called
(cid:2) Description ofcomputer modeling ofdata files
geomatics,or geometronics,largely due to the changes in both
(cid:2) Updated descriptions ofGPS (global positioning system),
field and office practice resulting from computer technology
GLONASS (global navigation satellite system),and
applications,and the infusion ofGNSS (global navigational
Galileo (Galileo radio navigation satellite system)
satellite systems) and GIS (geographic information systems)
into the topic.But the basic concepts remain the same.A In short,this textbook is designed as a reliable point of
technician in this discipline who lacks a firm grasp of the beginning for those who will work with surveyors or who
fundamentals of its scientific and mathematical underpin- will have to use or interpret surveying data in their careers,
nings is working on shaky ground.This book provides the as well as for those who may choose to continue their acade-
necessary solid foundation. mic study ofsurveying at a more advanced level.It includes
In this textbook,the subject matter is organized into both examples and practice problems using Systéme Inter-
three major sections: Part 1,Basic Concepts in Surveying; national (SI) metric units as well as U.S.Customary units of
Part 2,Surveying Equipment and Field Methods;and Part 3, measurement,reflecting the current state of practice in the
Surveying Applications. A review of basic mathematics, United States.Appendix B summarizes units and conver-
including geometry and trigonometry,is included in Part 1, sions often used by the surveyor. End-of-chapter review
rather than in the appendix,because of the importance of questions are provided and practice exercises are arranged
these topics for technicians.Without a firm understanding in pairs of similar problems, with answers to the even-
ofthe underlying mathematics,all the computer technology numbered problems given in Appendix Fand answers to the
in the world will be oflittle use to a practitioner in surveying odd-numbered problems in a solutions manual available
technology.The acronym GIGO (garbage in,garbage out) is from the publisher to instructors teaching a course.
v
vi Preface
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES licensed professional surveyor,engineer,and planner,who
has many years ofexperience in private practice as well as in
To access supplementary materials online, instructors
teaching.
need to request an instructor access code. Go to www.
Mr.Michael T.Lanzafama and I thank the individuals
pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an
who reviewed the manuscript of this new book for offering
instructor access code.Within 48 hours after registering,
many helpful comments regarding its contents:Paul Lonie,
you will receive a confirming email,including an instruc-
Temple University;Robert M.McMillan,Sacramento City
tor access code. Once you have received your code, go to
College;and Hesham Mahgoub,South Dakota State Univer-
the site and log on for full instructions on downloading
sity. We also thank the editorial and production team at
the materials you wish to use.
Prentice Hall,whose guidance and encouragement helped us
greatly.Ofcourse,we remain fully responsible for any errors
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS that may be found,and we welcome any constructive com-
ments or suggestions for the book’s improvement from
The underlying foundation of this textbook was firmly those who use it.
established by the late Philip Kissam,Professor Emeritus of
Civil Engineering,Princeton University,whose very valuable JerryA.Nathanson,M.S.,P.E.
contribution to surveying education is gratefully acknowl- Union County College,Cranford,NJ
edged. Professor Jerry A. Nathanson prepared the fourth [email protected]
edition ofPhilip Kissam’s popular textbook Surveying Prac-
tice, which was published in 1988. This new textbook, a MichaelT.Lanzafama,P.E.,L.S.,P.P.
derivative of the fourth edition of Surveying Practice,has Casey & Keller Inc.,Millburn,NJ
been updated with the input ofMr.Michael T.Lanzafama,a [email protected]
CONTENTS
PART 1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN 3-3 Coordinate and Analytic
SURVEYING 1 Geometry 49
Chapter 1 Practice Problems 52
INTRODUCTION 3
PART 2 SURVEYING EQUIPMENT AND
1-1 The Art and Science of
FIELD METHODS 57
Surveying 3
Chapter 4
1-2 The Surveying Method 5
MEASURING HORIZONTAL DISTANCES 59
1-3 Surveying Applications 9
4-1 Rough Distance Measurement 59
1-4 Historical Background 11
4-2 Taping: Equipment and
1-5 The Profession of Surveying 14
Methods 61
1-6 Field Notes 14
4-3 Taping Mistakes, Errors, and
1-7 Geographic Information Corrections 71
Systems (GIS) 17
4-4 Electronic Distance
Questions for Review 18 Measurement 75
Questions for Review 80
Chapter 2
Practice Problems 81
MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTATIONS 19
2-1 Units of Measurement 19 Chapter 5
2-2 Computations 22 MEASURING VERTICAL DISTANCES 83
2-3 Mistakes and Errors 24 5-1 Principles of Leveling 83
2-4 Accuracy and Precision 27 5-2 Leveling Equipment 86
Questions for Review 30 5-3 Leveling Procedures 92
Practice Problems 31 5-4 Vertical Control (Benchmark)
Surveys 98
Chapter 3 5-5 Profile Leveling 103
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SURVEYING 33 5-6 Trigonometric Leveling 106
3-1 Geometry and Mensuration 33 Questions for Review 108
3-2 Trigonometry 42 Practice Problems 108
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 6 8-3 Land Subdivisions 182
MEASURING ANGLES AND 8-4 Procedure for a Resurvey 186
DIRECTIONS 114
Questions for Review 192
6-1 Vertical Angles 115
Practice Problems 192
6-2 Horizontal Angles and
Directions 115
Chapter 9
6-3 Magnetic Declination 122
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
6-4 The Theodolite 124
AND MAPS 196
6-5 Electronic Instruments 129
9-1 Plotting a Traverse 198
6-6 Measuring Horizontal and
9-2 Contour Lines 201
Vertical Angles 130
9-3 Topo Survey Procedures 205
6-7 Accuracy, Mistakes, and
Errors 133 9-4 Basic Photogrammetry 217
Questions for Review 136 Questions for Review 224
Practice Problems 136 Practice Problems 224
PART 3 SURVEYING Chapter 10
APPLICATIONS 141
HIGHWAY CURVES AND
Chapter 7 EARTHWORK 227
HORIZONTAL CONTROL SURVEYS 143 10-1 Route Surveys 227
7-1 Traverses 144 10-2 Horizontal Curves 228
7-2 Traverse Closure 10-3 Locating a Curve 231
Computations 147
10-4 Compound and Reverse
7-3 Traverse Area Curves 238
Computations 157
10-5 Vertical Curves 240
7-4 Miscellaneous
10-6 Curves Through Fixed
Computations 160
Points 245
7-5 Elementary Triangulation and
10-7 Earthwork Computations 246
Trilateration 165
Questions for Review 254
7-6 Global Navigational Satellite
Systems (GNSS) 168 Practice Problems 255
Questions for Review 169
Chapter 11
Practice Problems 170
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS 260
11-1 Establishing Line 261
Chapter 8
11-2 Establishing Grade 263
PROPERTY SURVEYS 173
11-3 Slope Staking 268
8-1 Property Descriptions 174
11-4 Building and Pipeline
8-2 Legal Aspects 180 Stakeout 274
Contents ix
11-5 Additional Layout APPENDIX C: FORMULAS 298
Procedures 280
APPENDIX D: SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL
Questions for Review 288
INFORMATION 302
Practice Problems 288
APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY AND
ABBREVIATIONS 303
APPENDIX A: TRADITIONAL SURVEY
EQUIPMENT AND METHODS 291
APPENDIX F: ANSWERS TO
EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 315
APPENDIX B: UNITS AND
CONVERSIONS 296 INDEX 333