Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics: The Anatomic Approach

1338 Pages·2016·79.72 MB·English

by  Stanley Hoppenfeld MD

Stanley Hoppenfeld, M.D.
Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Attending Physician
Jack D. Weiler Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center
Bronx, New York
Piet de Boer, M.A., F.R.C.S.
Visiting Lecturer
University of Rijeka Medical School
Department of Anatomy
Croatia
CEO
Medical Education Consultants GmbH
Zurich, Switzerland
Richard Buckley, M.D., F.R.C.S.C.
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Traumatology
University of Calgary
Head, Orthopaedic Trauma
Department of Surgery
Division of Orthopaedics
Foothills Hospital
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Illustrations by Hugh A. Thomas
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Surgical Exposures in
Orthopaedics
The Anatomic Approach
Fifth Edition
Stanley Hoppenfeld
Piet de Boer
Richard Buckley
Illustrations by Hugh A. Thomas
3
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5th edition
Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer
Copyright © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Copyright © 2003 Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Copyright © 1994 J.B. Lippincott Company, Copyright ©
1984 J.B. Lippincott Company. All rights reserved. This book is protected by
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Printed in China
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hoppenfeld, Stanley, 1934- author. | De Boer, Piet, author. | Buckley,
Richard (Richard Eric), 1958- author.
Title: Surgical exposures in orthopaedics : the anatomic approach / Stanley
Hoppenfeld, Piet de Boer, Richard Buckley ; illustrations by Hugh A. Thomas.
Description: Fifth edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2016] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016022861 | ISBN 9781496309471
Subjects: | MESH: Orthopedic Procedures–methods | Anatomy, Regional
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Classification: LCC RD732 | NLM WE 168 | DDC 617.5–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022861
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Dedication
To my wife Norma,
my sons Jon-David,
Robert, and Stephen,
and my parents Agatha and David,
all in their own special way have made my life full
and made this book possible.
S.H.
To my wife Suzi, my three children James, Kate and Jan and
my two grandchildren Rowan and Finn
P.de B.
To my wife Lois,
who organizes my “whole”
life and makes it manageable,
whom I respect greatly,
and my two children,
Shannon and Andrew.
R.B.
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Preface
One of the first pieces of advice given to one of the authors just before
publication of the first edition of this book was not to spend too much time
on the preface. He was assured that “few if any people read prefaces.” So
why then create another preface for the fifth edition? The answer must be
to inform potential readers of the changes that have been made—why they
were made and what is in these changes for the reader.
The changes that have been made fall into two categories—content and
format.
The first edition of his book was printed in the United States on a
classical printing press. All subsequent editions have been electronic and
about 50% of sales of the fourth edition were in the form of an electronic
book. Research has shown1 that although younger surgeons generally
prefer electronic books, large numbers of them still like a printed copy.
One respondent commented that she found “navigating a printed book
easier than navigating an electronic one.” We have therefore decided to
make the fifth edition available as a single package—electronic and
printed.
One of the continuing successes of the book has been the diagrams.
The ability of well-drawn diagrams to convey three-dimensional images is
remarkable. Videos of surgical approaches, which are now freely available
on YouTube, are often disappointing. Videos shot during live surgery with
a single camera often fail to show what the viewer needs to see. The fifth
edition includes videos of 17 surgical approaches. The videos were shot in
HD with three different cameras on specially prepared cadaveric material.
When the video is not perfectly clear we have included diagrams from the
book using a split screen technique. In this way we hope to eliminate the
lack of clear three-dimensional clarity that plagues most surgical approach
videos.
The common theme in the evolution of surgical appro-aches in
orthopaedics and traumatology over the past 32 years since the publication
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of the first edition of the book has been the development of minimally
invasive surgery. There have been two major drivers for this process—
preservation of as much blood supply to the fracture site and creating as
little soft tissue damage as possible to facilitate patient recovery following
surgery.
The first edition of this book focused on subperiosteal dissection—the
classic concept of orthopaedics surgery in the 1960s and 70s—“get to bone
and stay there.” Subperiosteal dissection ensured that neighboring soft
tissues were not damaged but came at a price—the destruction of local
blood supply. The second edition of the book abandoned subperiosteal
dissection except in exceptional circumstances (i.e., stripping supinator off
the proximal radius) in favor of epiperiosteal dissection where the
periosteum is preserved. The third edition introduced arthroscopy, which
by that time had almost completely replaced open knee and much open
shoulder surgery. The approaches for open menisectomy are still described
in this edition reflecting the need in certain developing countries but will
almost certainly be excluded from the sixth edition.
The fourth edition introduced minimally invasive approaches to the
proximal humerus, proximal tibia, and distal tibia as well as minimally
invasive spinal approaches.
What then caused us to change the contents of the book? First, our
readers told us that certain existing approaches needed updating and
clarification. The approaches needed for emergency decompression of a
compartment syndrome of the lower leg and forearm have been enlarged
and updated. We realize that this surgery needs to be performed as quickly
as possible and may be done by junior surgeons who need as much help as
they can get. Fixation of distal radial fractures has become routine in many
countries and a classic approach has been added replacing the lower end of
the AK Henry approach to the whole radius that was present in previous
editions.
The advent of routine CT scanning of tibial plateau injuries has greatly
clarified the fracture anatomy of these difficult injuries. The appreciation
of the posterior elements in these injuries has led to the creation of two
new surgical approaches to the tibial plateau—the posterior and
posterolateral approaches.
Although acetabular surgery remains a highly specialized field that
should only be done by experts or learners under expert supervision, we
were aware that existing descriptions of the ilioinguinal approach were
inadequate. This approach has therefore been revised to show the key
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points especially the iliopectineal fascia—a structure that has never been
adequately illustrated. The flip osteotomy of the greater trochanter
described in the fourth edition had been updated to show the step
technique and the surgical dislocation of the hip has been included for the
first time.
The lateral approach to the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux has
been added to complement the existing dorsal and dorsomedial
approaches.
After much deliberation a minimally invasive anterior approach to the
hip joint had been included. The literature has been confusing with regard
to long-term benefit to the patient of minimally invasive hip surgery and
disturbing articles have been published with regard to malposition of
implants. This approach however seems to be well established and patients
do seem to recover faster—hence its inclusion.
Finally the whole text has been revised and numerous small corrections
made. This would have been impossible without the invaluable help of Dr.
Peter S. Saubermann, facilitator in the ORTP, University of Basel,
Switzerland who has painstakingly examined every line of text and every
diagram and who has suggested invaluable changes.
The strength of this book remains what it has been since its inception
—clear descriptions of surgical approaches complemented by diagrams
made from the point of view of the surgeon. The classical approaches
remain its most popular feature. Surgeons all around the world sometimes
operate with a nurse holding the book open at a key diagram. We believe
that the key to safe surgery is a sound knowledge of anatomy.
Paradoxically as approaches become smaller and smaller the need for
anatomical knowledge becomes greater. We feel therefore that this book
with its title, Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics—The Anatomic
Approach, is more relevant today than it has ever been.

1. DE BOER PG, FOX R. Changing Patterns of Life Long Learning: A Study in
Surgeon Education. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2012.
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Preface
to the Fourth Edition
Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics—The Anatomic Approach was first
published in 1984, 25 years ago. The standard surgical approach textbooks
at the time were out of date and the principle of linking surgical anatomy
to surgical approaches using incisive text and wonderfully clear diagrams
(then in black and white) was greeted favorably by orthopaedists and
trauma surgeons around the world. Throughout its history, this text has
remained the number one best seller in its field. It has been translated into
five languages and is extensively used around the world on all five
continents. On many occasions, while travelling around the world to teach,
the authors have been thanked by residents who have reported how the
book has helped them, often in difficult and emergency situations when
working either alone or poorly supervised. It is also clear that residents
particularly value those classical surgical approaches first described by
A.K. Henry in his book on extensile approaches.
Why, then, produce a fourth edition? Standard textbooks need to
change to reflect those changes that occur within their sphere of interest.
The difficulty with this is to differentiate between genuine and permanent
changes in the practice of orthopaedics. The young surgeon must be
presented with the subject in what can only be described as “the fashion of
the time” that occurs in all branches of medicine, especially orthopaedics.
In the first edition of the book, great emphasis was given to the concept of
subperiosteal dissection. Subperiosteal dissection ensured that the surgical
approach did not damage vital structures close to the bone, but the
sacrifice was significant devitalization of the bone and its surrounding soft
tissues. The preservation of the blood supply to the area to be exposed has
been a consistent theme in the past 24 years. The second edition of the
book saw abandonment of the concept of subperiosteal dissection and the
establishment of epi-periosteal planes for surgical use.
Minimal access surgery has been present in orthopaedic surgery for
many years. Intramedullary nailing, through a closed technique, did not
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