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Surgery of the autonomic nervous system PDF

357 Pages·2016·7.34 MB·English
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Surgery of the Autonomic Nervous System Surgery of the Autonomic Nervous System Edited by Jonathan A. Hyam Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals, UK Erlick A. C. Pereira Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK Alexander L. Green Nuffeld Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2016 Te moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951913 ISBN 978–0–19–968640–7 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. Te authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Foreword Over a decade ago I spotted blood pressure changes in an awake patient during an oper- ation electrically stimulating the brainstem to relieve chronic pain. I encouraged my then registrar, Alex Green, to study the phenomenon, which had up until that point been just a footnote in an obscure neurosurgical textbook. He went on to build a career researching the efects of deep-brain stimulation upon autonomic function and in turn supervised both Jonathan Hyam elucidating its interactions with breathing and Erlick Pereira inves- tigating its cardiovascular and analgesic mechanisms. Te paediatrician and renowned educationalist, Maria Montessori, once commented that ‘the greatest sign of success for a teacher . . . is to be able to say, “Te children are now working as if I did not exist.”’ It is, therefore, with immense pride that I foreword a book co-edited independently of me by three of the most prolifc academic surgeons I have mentored. All commenced research under my wing in their spare time as junior registrars and each emerged half a decade later a mature and talented neurosurgeon with doctorates, national and international prizes, and nearly two-hundred scientifc papers between them. Surgery of the Autonomic Nervous System encapsulates their eforts to consolidate expert opinion from a nexus of overlapping specialties (neurological, vascular, cardiac, thoracic, anaesthetic, surgical, and medical) and sciences (neural, physiological, biochemical, engineering, and compu- tational) into an emerging discipline characterized by exciting new therapies. It is a testa- ment to their visionary perspective that the book transcends not just so many subjects, but so many disorders of autonomic function carefully crystallized into a veritable almanac for the autonomic surgeon-scientist. Of course, the specialist ‘autonomic surgeon’ does not as yet exist, let alone the autonomic surgeon-scientist! I sincerely hope that this volume and its eclectic, well-referenced, and generously illustrated chapters may one day soon inspire its creation. It is worth debating, fnally, whether overwhelming pride, dogged intransi- gence, sheer phlegmatism, or inspired genius have motivated my delegating this foreword to the book’s most junior co-author. Perhaps I should become known as the Montessorian Professor . . . Professor Tipu Aziz Professor of Neurosurgery Te Nufeld Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK Contents About the Editors ix Contributors xi 1 Neural control of the heart and cardiovascular system 1 Jonathan A. Hyam and Alexander L. Green 2 Baroreceptor activation therapy: A surgical approach to the treatment of hypertension 21 Peter W. de Leeuw and Abraham A. Kroon 3 Deep-brain stimulation and blood pressure disorders 33 Alexander L. Green, Erlick A. C. Pereira, and Jonathan A. Hyam 4 Lateral medullary decompression for essential hypertension 49 Peter J. Jannetta and Kenneth F. Casey 5 Device-based approaches to target renal sympathetic nerves for hypertension 73 Markus Schlaich and Murray Esler 6 Evolution and developments in autonomic control of the heart I: the neurocardiac axis 95 Mike J. L. DeJongste, Gerbrand J. Groen, and Robert D. Foreman 7 Evolution and developments in autonomic control of the heart II: therapeutical interventions 111 Mike J. L. DeJongste, Michiel Kuijpers, Gerbrand J. Groen, and Robert D. Foreman 8 Periarterial sympathectomy in the treatment of upper extremity peripheral vascular disease 129 Christian E. Sampson 9 Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome I: mechanisms 143 Tim McCormick and Stana Bojanic 10 Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome II: clinical applications 159 Stana Bojanic and Tim McCormick 11 Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias I: peripheral neuromodulation (occipital nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation) 173 Sarah Miller, Laurence Watkins, and Manjit S. Matharu viii CONTENTS 12 Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias II: deep-brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus for chronic cluster headache 193 Giuseppe Messina, Roberto Cordella, Michele Rizzi, Massimo Leone, and Angelo Franzini 13 Te central nervous system in control of continence and sexual functions 205 Telma Lovick and Gert Holstege 14 Pudendal nerve stimulation 219 Philip E. V. Van Kerrebroeck and Martijn A. C. Smits 15 Sacral nerve stimulation for lower urinary tract dysfunction 227 Philip E. V. Van Kerrebroeck and Tom A. T. Marcelissen 16 Neuromodulation for faecal incontinence and constipation 245 Emma V. Carrington, Emma H. Horrocks, Charles Knowles, and Noel N. Tin 17 Gastric stimulation for obesity and gastroparesis 269 Edy E. Sofer 18 Hyperhidrosis: pathophysiology and available therapies 285 Brian Perri, Shoshanna Vaynman, Samer Ghostine, Srinath Samudrala, J. Patrick Johnson, and Khawar Siddique 19 Vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy I: history, vagus nerve physiology, and putative mechanisms 295 Benjamin I. Rapoport and Joseph R. Madsen 20 Vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy II: procedure, evidence, and adverse events 323 Benjamin I. Rapoport and Joseph R. Madsen Index 333 About the Editors Jonathan Hyam is a Consultant Brain & Spine Neurosurgeon at Te National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, and an Honorary Senior Lecturer in Neuro- surgery at the Institute of Neurology, University College London. His specialist expertise is Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s disease, tremor, and dystonia, as well as surgical and minimal-access treatments for headache and spinal pain. In 2011 he received America’s Congress of Neurological Surgeons’ Resident Prize for Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery in Washington, DC. He was awarded a PhD from Oxford University in Neurosurgery and Physiology, and a Diploma in Microscopic Neu- rosurgery from Te Yasargil Neurosurgery Laboratory of the University of Zurich. He is an invited specialist advisor to NICE on behalf of the British Society for Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery. Jonathan Hyam was awarded the prestigious Arris & Gale Lectureship from the Royal College of Surgeons of England in honour of his contribution to the understanding of how deep brain stimulation can infuence the heart, lungs, and pain pathways, and how these can be benefted using neurosurgery. Alexander Green is an Academic Neurosurgeon at the University of Oxford. His main academic interest is neuromodulation with a particular focus on control of the autonomic nervous system and the application of neuromodulation to control autonomic function. He has published over 140 peer-reviewed articles, authored 2 books (including this one), and numerous book chapters. At the time of writing, he is President of the British Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery and an advisor to a number of bodies in- cluding the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), NHS England and Industry. Erlick Pereira is a Neurosurgeon in London and Honorary Clinician in Oxford. He studied medicine at Somerville College, Oxford University afer natural sciences (experi- mental psychology) at Trinity College, Cambridge. He has published over 100 papers and 20 book chapters and won awards from both the American Association and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. He is an afliated Professor at the University of Porto and Hunte- rian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. His doctoral thesis in deep brain surgery for pain and autonomic function was advised by Alexander Green. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Senior Fellow of the Higher Edu- cation Academy. His clinical interests are functional neurosurgery including deep brain stimulation and complex spinal surgery. His academic interests include novel indications of deep brain stimulation such as chronic pain, stroke and spinal cord injury, and neuro- imaging the spinal cord.

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