Surgery of the autonomic nervous system

357 Pages·2016·7.34 MB·English

Surgery of the Autonomic
Nervous System
Surgery of the
Autonomic Nervous
System
Edited by
Jonathan A. Hyam
Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery,
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,
Queen Square, University College London Hospitals, UK
Erlick A. C. Pereira
Department of Neurosurgery,
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
Alexander L. Green
Nuffeld Department of Surgical Sciences,
University of Oxford, UK
1
1
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Foreword
Over a decade ago I spotted blood pressure changes in an awake patient during an oper-
ation electrically stimulating the brainstem to relieve chronic pain. I encouraged my then
registrar, Alex Green, to study the phenomenon, which had up until that point been just a
footnote in an obscure neurosurgical textbook. He went on to build a career researching
the efects of deep-brain stimulation upon autonomic function and in turn supervised
both Jonathan Hyam elucidating its interactions with breathing and Erlick Pereira inves-
tigating its cardiovascular and analgesic mechanisms. Te paediatrician and renowned
educationalist, Maria Montessori, once commented that ‘the greatest sign of success for
a teacher . . . is to be able to say, “Te children are now working as if I did not exist.”’ It is,
therefore, with immense pride that I foreword a book co-edited independently of me by
three of the most prolifc academic surgeons I have mentored. All commenced research
under my wing in their spare time as junior registrars and each emerged half a decade
later a mature and talented neurosurgeon with doctorates, national and international
prizes, and nearly two-hundred scientifc papers between them. Surgery of the Autonomic
Nervous System encapsulates their eforts to consolidate expert opinion from a nexus of
overlapping specialties (neurological, vascular, cardiac, thoracic, anaesthetic, surgical,
and medical) and sciences (neural, physiological, biochemical, engineering, and compu-
tational) into an emerging discipline characterized by exciting new therapies. It is a testa-
ment to their visionary perspective that the book transcends not just so many subjects, but
so many disorders of autonomic function carefully crystallized into a veritable almanac for
the autonomic surgeon-scientist. Of course, the specialist ‘autonomic surgeon’ does not as
yet exist, let alone the autonomic surgeon-scientist! I sincerely hope that this volume and
its eclectic, well-referenced, and generously illustrated chapters may one day soon inspire
its creation. It is worth debating, fnally, whether overwhelming pride, dogged intransi-
gence, sheer phlegmatism, or inspired genius have motivated my delegating this foreword
to the book’s most junior co-author. Perhaps I should become known as the Montessorian
Professor . . .
Professor Tipu Aziz
Professor of Neurosurgery
Te Nufeld Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK
Contents
About the Editors ix
Contributors xi
1 Neural control of the heart and cardiovascular system 1
Jonathan A. Hyam and Alexander L. Green
2 Baroreceptor activation therapy: A surgical approach to the treatment
of hypertension 21
Peter W. de Leeuw and Abraham A. Kroon
3 Deep-brain stimulation and blood pressure disorders 33
Alexander L. Green, Erlick A. C. Pereira, and Jonathan A. Hyam
4 Lateral medullary decompression for essential hypertension 49
Peter J. Jannetta and Kenneth F. Casey
5 Device-based approaches to target renal sympathetic nerves for
hypertension 73
Markus Schlaich and Murray Esler
6 Evolution and developments in autonomic control of the heart I:
the neurocardiac axis 95
Mike J. L. DeJongste, Gerbrand J. Groen, and Robert D. Foreman
7 Evolution and developments in autonomic control of the heart II:
therapeutical interventions 111
Mike J. L. DeJongste, Michiel Kuijpers, Gerbrand J. Groen, and Robert D. Foreman
8 Periarterial sympathectomy in the treatment of upper extremity peripheral
vascular disease 129
Christian E. Sampson
9 Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome I:
mechanisms 143
Tim McCormick and Stana Bojanic
10 Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome II:
clinical applications 159
Stana Bojanic and Tim McCormick
11 Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias I: peripheral neuromodulation
(occipital nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation) 173
Sarah Miller, Laurence Watkins, and Manjit S. Matharu
viii CONTENTS
12 Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias II: deep-brain stimulation
of the posterior hypothalamus for chronic cluster headache 193
Giuseppe Messina, Roberto Cordella, Michele Rizzi, Massimo Leone,
and Angelo Franzini
13 Te central nervous system in control of continence and sexual functions 205
Telma Lovick and Gert Holstege
14 Pudendal nerve stimulation 219
Philip E. V. Van Kerrebroeck and Martijn A. C. Smits
15 Sacral nerve stimulation for lower urinary tract dysfunction 227
Philip E. V. Van Kerrebroeck and Tom A. T. Marcelissen
16 Neuromodulation for faecal incontinence and constipation 245
Emma V. Carrington, Emma H. Horrocks, Charles Knowles, and Noel N. Tin
17 Gastric stimulation for obesity and gastroparesis 269
Edy E. Sofer
18 Hyperhidrosis: pathophysiology and available therapies 285
Brian Perri, Shoshanna Vaynman, Samer Ghostine, Srinath Samudrala,
J. Patrick Johnson, and Khawar Siddique
19 Vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy I:
history, vagus nerve physiology, and putative mechanisms 295
Benjamin I. Rapoport and Joseph R. Madsen
20 Vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy II:
procedure, evidence, and adverse events 323
Benjamin I. Rapoport and Joseph R. Madsen
Index 333
About the Editors
Jonathan Hyam is a Consultant Brain & Spine Neurosurgeon at Te National Hospital for
Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, and an Honorary Senior Lecturer in Neuro-
surgery at the Institute of Neurology, University College London. His specialist expertise
is Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s disease, tremor, and dystonia, as well as surgical
and minimal-access treatments for headache and spinal pain.
In 2011 he received America’s Congress of Neurological Surgeons’ Resident Prize for
Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery in Washington, DC. He was awarded a PhD from
Oxford University in Neurosurgery and Physiology, and a Diploma in Microscopic Neu-
rosurgery from Te Yasargil Neurosurgery Laboratory of the University of Zurich. He is
an invited specialist advisor to NICE on behalf of the British Society for Stereotactic &
Functional Neurosurgery.
Jonathan Hyam was awarded the prestigious Arris & Gale Lectureship from the Royal
College of Surgeons of England in honour of his contribution to the understanding of how
deep brain stimulation can infuence the heart, lungs, and pain pathways, and how these
can be benefted using neurosurgery.
Alexander Green is an Academic Neurosurgeon at the University of Oxford. His main
academic interest is neuromodulation with a particular focus on control of the autonomic
nervous system and the application of neuromodulation to control autonomic function.
He has published over 140 peer-reviewed articles, authored 2 books (including this one),
and numerous book chapters. At the time of writing, he is President of the British Society
for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery and an advisor to a number of bodies in-
cluding the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), NHS England and
Industry.
Erlick Pereira is a Neurosurgeon in London and Honorary Clinician in Oxford. He
studied medicine at Somerville College, Oxford University afer natural sciences (experi-
mental psychology) at Trinity College, Cambridge. He has published over 100 papers and
20 book chapters and won awards from both the American Association and Congress of
Neurological Surgeons. He is an afliated Professor at the University of Porto and Hunte-
rian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. His doctoral thesis in deep
brain surgery for pain and autonomic function was advised by Alexander Green. He is a
Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Senior Fellow of the Higher Edu-
cation Academy. His clinical interests are functional neurosurgery including deep brain
stimulation and complex spinal surgery. His academic interests include novel indications
of deep brain stimulation such as chronic pain, stroke and spinal cord injury, and neuro-
imaging the spinal cord.