Surgery for Low Back Pain PDF
Preview Surgery for Low Back Pain
Marek Szpalski Robert Gunzburg Björn L. Rydevik Jean-Charles Le Huec Surgery for H. Michael Mayer Editors Low Back Pain 123 Surgery for Low Back Pain Marek Szpalski Robert Gunzburg Björn L. Rydevik Jean-Charles Le Huec H. Michael Mayer (Eds.) Surgery for Low Back Pain Marek Szpalski, MD Björn L. Rydevik, MD, PhD Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska Hôpitaux Iris Sud Department Orthopaedic Surgery Université Libre de Bruxelles 413 45 Göteborg 142 rue Marconi Sweden 1190 Brussels, Belgium [email protected] Department of Orthopedics New York University Jean-Charles Le Huec, MD New York, USA CHU Bordeaux Hôpital Pellegrin [email protected] Service d’Orthopédie Traumatologie Place Amalie Raba Leon 33076 Bordeaux CX France Robert Gunzburg, MD [email protected] Eeuwfeestkliniek Algemeen Ziekenhuis Monica Harmoniestraat 68 H. Michael Mayer, MD, PhD 2018 Antwerpen Orthopädische Klinik Belgium München-Harlaching [email protected] Wirbelsäulenzentrum Harlachinger Str. 51 81243 München Germany [email protected] ISBN: 978-3-642-04546-2 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-04547-9 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04547-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938032 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and appli- cation contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Low back pain is one of the most common conditions encountered in clinical prac- tice; however, its definition itself is subject to debate and precise knowledge about it is conflicting. It can be attributed to a great number of different origins although, often, the true cause of nociception cannot be precisely defined. Furthermore, psy- chosocial variables have an important influence on the reporting back pain symp- toms. Nevertheless, low back pain and the pathologies believed to be its cause are the main indication for spine surgery in most area of the world while true evidence about indications remains elusive and there is much discussion about the very different techniques used. The goal of this book is to shed some light on this complex subject. The indispens- able bases of biology and biomechanics of spinal structures are covered as well as the important psychosocial determinants associated with back complaints. Diagnosis is now enhanced by new magnetic resonance techniques described thoroughly. Conservative treatment is still the base of low back pain handling, and natural his- tory of the condition as well as the main conservative therapeutic options are described in detail. Medications, rehabilitation, back schools, manipulative therapies, and orthoses are the subject of fully documented chapters. Surgical techniques abound for the treatment of lumbar spine disorders and this book tries to clarify their indications and results. For many years fusion was the most used technique and became the “de facto” gold standard. The role of pelvic girdle pain and facet syndrome is subject to debate and the possible surgical treatment is discussed in those conditions. Chapters will cover different technique as well as the possible drawbacks like blood loss and adjacent level degeneration. The latter has led to the development of “nonfusion” technologies like artificial disks, semirigid fixa- tion techniques, or interspinous implants. Indications, counter indications, techniques, and complications of those different techniques are presented and lead to discussion about what evidence we have for their effectiveness. Outcome assessment is paramount to finding evidence for treatments of low back pain. The principles of outcome assessment in back pain as well as the review of actual available evidence ends the book. This book is intended for clinicians as well as researchers in many fields of spinal disorders. It is of use to orthopedic and neurosurgeons, rheumatologists, neurologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, as well as psychologists and social security and insurance specialists. Brussels, Belgium Marek Szpalski Antwerp, Belgium Robert Gunzburg v Contents Part I Basics.................................................. 1 1.1 The Biology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration................ 3 Cornelia Neidlinger-Wilke and Hans-Joachim Wilke 1.2 Low Back Pain: Where Does the Pain Come From? ............. 11 Helena Brisby 1.3 The Role of Cytokines in the Degenerative Spine................ 17 Björn Rydevik and Helena Brisby 1.4 Psychosocial Aspects of Low Back Pain........................ 23 Christine Cedraschi and Valérie Piguet 1.5 Instability and Low Back Pain ............................... 29 Tommy Hansson Part II Diagnosis.............................................. 37 2.1 Dynamic MRI of the Spine .................................. 39 J. J. Abitbol, Soon-Woo Hong, Sana Khan, and Jeffrey C. Wang 2.2 Assessment of Status of End Plate and Diffusion in Degenerative Disc Disease................................. 47 S. Rajasekaran 2.3 The Role of Physician Extenders in a Low Back Pain Practice..... 57 Michael R. Zindrick, Michael N. Tzermiadianos, Cary R. Templin, and Raymond E. Hines III Part III Conservative Treatment................................. 63 3.1 Natural Evolution of Nonspecific Low-Back Pain ............... 65 Michel Benoist and Thibaut Lenoir 3.2 Prescribing Conservative Treatment for Low Back Pain.......... 73 F. Balagué and J. Dudler vii viii Contents 3.3 Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Low back Pain and Back Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Margareta Nordin 3.4 The Place of Chiropractic Care in the Treatment of Low Back Pain.......................................... 85 Christopher J. Colloca 3.5 Efficacy of IDET and PIRFT for the Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain ................................ 95 Brian J. C. Freeman 3.6 Lumbar Orthoses to Prevent and Treat Low-Back Pain .......... 101 Michel Benoist and Thibaut Lenoir Part IV Surgical Treatment: Fusion .............................. 107 4.1 Indication for Lumbar Spinal Fusion ......................... 109 Max Aebi 4.2 Evidence for Efficacy of Pedicle-Based Systems................. 123 Jeremy Fairbank 4.3 Low Back Pain Is Not an Indication for Stabilisation in Patients Operated for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis ............... 127 E. Munting 4.4 Hybrid Construct for DDD in the Lumbar Spine: The Compromise Between Fusion and Nonfusion ............... 131 J. C. Le. Huec, R. Meyrat, F. Debusscher and S. Aunoble 4.5 The Management of Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis......... 137 Brian J. C. Freeman and Ujjwal K. Debnath 4.6 Transpedicular-Transdiscal-Transcorporal (TPDC)-Fixation...... 147 Max Aebi 4.7 Facet Problems: A Surgical Indication? ....................... 155 F. Pellisé 4.8 Adjacent Level Disease: “Myth” or “Fact”..................... 159 David A. Wong and Katherine E. Wong 4.9 Pelvic Girdle Pain: Indication for Surgery? .................... 165 Bengt Sturesson 4.10 Blood Loss Management in Major Spine Surgery ............... 169 Serena S. Hu and Jeremy A. Lieberman Contents ix Part V Surgical Treatment: Other Technologies .................... 175 5.1 How Disc Replacement Fits in the Treatment Algorithm for Degenerative Disc Disease: Refining Indications for Disc Replacement..................... 177 Richard D. Guyer and Donna D. Ohnmeiss 5.2 Clinical Factors that May Affect Outcome in Lumbar Total Disc Replacement. What Is the Evidence?....... 183 Michael R. Zindrick, Mark Lorenz, Leonard I. Voronov, Michael N. Tzermiadianos, and Alexander Hadjipavlou 5.3 A Prospective Randomized Comparison of Two Lumbar Total Disk Replacements...................... 193 Richard D. Guyer and Donna D. Ohnmeiss 5.4 Limitations of Lumbar Disk Arthroplasty ..................... 199 Serena S. Hu 5.5 Is Posterior Dynamic Stabilization an Option to Avoid Adjacent Segment Decompensation? .................. 207 Missoum Moumene and Jürgen Harms 5.6 Immediate Biomechanical Effects of Lumbar Posterior Dynamic Stabilisation .................... 213 Brian J. C. Freeman and Caspar E. W. Aylott 5.7 Overview of Pedicle Screw-Based Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Systems............................... 221 Richard D. Guyer, Donna D. Ohnmeiss, and Kevin R. Strauss 5.8 Semirigid Fixation System for the Lumbar Spine ............... 227 Dieter Grob, Andrea Luca, and Anne F. Mannion 5.9 Nonrigid Stabilization of the Spine – Problems Observed: Screw Loosening/Breakage/Implant Failure/Adjacent Segment Degeneration...................................... 233 Paul F. Heini 5.10 Interspinous Implants: State of the Art and Research of Evidence ..................................... 241 Marek Szpalski, Robert Gunzburg, Christopher J. Colloca, and Robert J. Moore 5.11 NuBac Disc Arthroplasty System: Rationale and Clinical Results ............................... 249 Massimo Balsano, Domagoj Coric, and Margreet Derks x Contents Part VI Outcomes............................................. 257 6.1 Outcome Assessment for Cost-Utility Evaluations: SF-6D vs. EQ-5D .......................................... 259 Rikke Søgaard, Terkel Christiansen, and Finn Bjarke Christensen 6.2 Review of the Medical Evidence Regarding the Surgical Treatment of Low Back Pain...................... 267 Andrew P. White, Justin G. Brothers, and Alexander R. Vaccaro Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Contributors J.J. Abitbol California Spine Group, 5395 Ruffin Road Suite 103, San Diego, CA 92123, USA [email protected] Max Aebi Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Bern, Stauffenbachstrasse 78, 3014, Bern, Switzerland [email protected] S. Aunoble Spine Unit, Bordeaux University Hôpital, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France Caspar E. W. Aylott Department of Spinal Surgery, Level 3, Theatre Block, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Federico Balagué Service de Rhumatologie, Médicine Physique et Réhabilitation, HFR- Hospital Cantonal, Case postale, 1708 Fribourg, Switzerland [email protected] Massimo Balsano Spinal Regional Department, ULSS 4, Schio, Vicenza, Italy [email protected] Michel Benoist University of Paris VII, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Bd. du Gl. Leclerc 92110 Clichy, France [email protected] Helena Brisby Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden [email protected] Justin G. Brothers Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA [email protected] Christine Cedraschi Division of Internal Medicine for Rehabilitation, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland [email protected] Finn Bjarke Christensen Health Economics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, 5000 Odense C, Denmark Terkel Christiansen Health Economics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, 5000 Odense C, Denmark [email protected] xi
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