Surgery at a glance PDF
Preview Surgery at a glance
Surgery at a Glance This new book is also available as an ebook. For more details, please see www.wiley.com/buy/9781118272206 or scan this QR code: Companion website Includes a companion website at: www.testgeneralsurgery.com Featuring: – MCQs – Short answer questions. Surgery at a Glance Pierce A. Grace MA, MCh, FRCSI, FRCS Professor of Surgical Science Graduate Entry Medical School University Hospital Limerick Limerick, Ireland Neil R. Borley FRCS, FRCS (Ed), MS Consultant Colorectal Surgeon Cheltenham General Hospital Cheltenham, UK Fifth edition A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Previous editions 1999, 2002, 2006, 2009 Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grace, P.A. (Pierce A.) Surgery at a glance / Pierce Grace, Neil R.Borley. – 5th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographic references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-27220-6 (pbk.: alk.paper) 1. Borley, Neil R. 11. Title. [DNLM. 1. Surgical Procedures, Operative–Handbooks. 2. Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures – Handbooks. WO 39] 617'.9—dc23 2012032718 Cover image: SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY © MAURO FERMARIELLO Cover design by Meaden Creative A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in Times 9/11.5 pt by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 Contents Preface 6 43 Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 106 List of abbreviations 7 44 Oesophageal carcinoma 108 45 Peptic ulcer disease 110 Part 1 Clinical presentations at a glance 46 Gastric carcinoma 112 1 Neck lump 10 47 Malabsorption 114 2 Dysphagia 12 48 Crohn’s disease 116 3 Haemoptysis 14 49 Acute appendicitis 118 4 Breast lump 16 50 Diverticular disease 120 5 Breast pain 18 51 Ulcerative colitis 122 6 Nipple discharge 20 52 Colorectal carcinoma 124 7 Gastrointestinal bleeding 22 53 Benign anal and perianal disorders 126 8 Dyspepsia 26 54 Intestinal obstruction 128 9 Vomiting 28 55 Abdominal hernias 130 10 Acute abdominal pain 30 56 Gallstone disease 132 11 Chronic abdominal pain 32 57 Pancreatitis 136 12 Abdominal swellings (general) 34 58 Pancreatic tumours 138 13 Abdominal swellings (localized) – upper abdominal 36 59 Benign breast disease 140 14 Abdominal swellings (localized) – lower abdominal 40 60 Breast cancer 142 15 Jaundice 42 61 Goitre 144 16 Diarrhoea 44 62 Thyroid malignancies 146 17 Altered bowel habit/constipation 46 63 Parathyroid disease 148 18 Groin swellings 48 64 Pituitary disorders 150 19 Claudication 50 65 Adrenal disorders 152 20 Acute warm painful leg 52 66 Skin cancer 154 21 Acute ‘cold’ leg 54 67 Ischaemic heart disease 157 22 Leg ulceration 56 68 Valvular heart disease 160 23 Dysuria 58 69 Peripheral arterial disease 162 24 Urinary retention 60 70 The diabetic foot 164 25 Haematuria 62 71 Aneurysms 166 26 Scrotal swellings 64 72 Extracranial arterial disease 168 27 Stomas and incisions 66 73 Venous thromboembolism 170 74 Varicose veins 173 Part 2 Surgical diseases at a glance 75 Lymphoedema 176 28 Anaesthesia 68 76 Postoperative pulmonary complications 178 29 Hypoxia 72 77 Lung cancer 180 30 Surgical infection 74 78 Urinary tract infection 182 31 Sepsis 78 79 Benign prostatic hypertrophy 184 32 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 80 80 Renal (urinary) calculi 186 33 Shock 82 81 Renal cell carcinoma 188 34 Acute renal failure 84 82 Carcinoma of the bladder 190 35 Fractures 86 83 Carcinoma of the prostate 192 36 Orthopaedics – congenital and childhood disorders 88 84 Testicular cancer 194 37 Orthopaedics – metabolic and infective disorders 90 85 Urinary incontinence 196 38 Arthritis 92 86 Solid organ transplantation 198 39 Musculoskeletal tumours 95 87 Paediatric ‘general’ surgery 200 40 Burns 98 41 Major trauma – basic principles 100 Index 204 42 Traumatic brain injury (head injury) 102 Companion website Includes a companion website at: www.testgeneralsurgery.com Featuring: – MCQs – Short answer questions. Contents 5 Preface Surgery at a Glance continues to be a very popular text with medical from several people in putting this book together. We would like to students and others who study surgery. In full colour, the book, in thank the many medical students and colleagues who have read the keeping with the At a Glance series in general, has a very user-friendly book and given us good advice. Students seem to like this book par- layout and is easy to read. A key feature of Surgery at a Glance is its ticularly for revision in preparation for exams. We especially thank division into clinical presentations and surgical diseases. Thus, in one the publishing team and illustrators at Wiley-Blackwell for their hard volume is combined the ways that patients present with surgical prob- work in bringing this beautifully presented book to completion. We lems and the surgical diseases that underlie those presentations. Four- believe that the fifth edition of Surgery at a Glance is an excellent teen years on we are delighted to present the revised and updated fifth book and we hope that this text will continue to help students under- edition of Surgery at a Glance. The new edition contains some addi- stand surgery. tions. In response to feedback from medical students we have added four new chapters on orthopaedics as well as updating the text and Pierce A. Grace illustrations throughout the book. The book retains its colour profile Neil R. Borley and beautiful illustrations. We have had lots of help and suggestions 2013 6 Preface List of abbreviations AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm CEA carcinoembryonic antigen AAT aspartate amino transferase CEA carotid endarterectomy ABI ankle–brachial pressure index cfu colony forming units Abs antibiotics CgA chromogranin A ACE angiotensin converting enzyme CK creatinine kinase Ach acetylcholine CLO Campylobacter-like organism ACN acute cortical necrosis CMV cisplatin, methotrexate, vinblastine ACS acute coronary syndrome CMV cytomegalovirus ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone CNS central nervous system ADH antidiuretic hormone COCP combined oral contraceptive pill AF atrial fibrillation COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease AFP α-fetoprotein COX cyclo-oxygenase Ag antigen CPK-MB creatine phosphokinase (cardiac type) AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer CRC colorectal carcinoma AKI acute kidney injury CRF chronic renal failure Alb albumin CRP C-reactive protein ALI acute lung injury CSF cerebrospinal fluid ALND axillary lymph node dissection CT computed tomography ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody CTA computed tomographic angiogram ANDI abnormalities of the normal development and CTCV congenital talipes calcaneo valgus involution (of the breast) CVA cerebrovascular accident AP angina pectoris CVI chronic venous insufficiency AP anteroposterior CVP central venous pressure APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation CVS cardiovascular system APTT activated partial thromboplastin time CXR chest X-ray ARB angiotensin receptor blocker D type 2 dopaminergic receptors 2 ARDS adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ ARF acute renal failure DDAVP 1-desamino-8-arginine vasopressin ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists (desmopressin) ASCA anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies DDH developmental dysplaia of the hip ATN acute tubular necrosis DHEA dihydroepiandrosterone AV arteriovenous DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation BCC basal cell carcinoma DM diabetes mellitus BCG bacillus Calmette–Guérin DMARDs disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs b.d. twice daily DMSA dimercaptosuccinic acid BDM bone mineral density DU duodenal ulcer BE base excess DVT deep venous thrombosis BEP bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin Dx diagnosis BMI body mass index DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry BP blood pressure DXT deep X-ray therapy BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy EAS external anal sphincter BS breath sounds EBV Epstein–Barr virus bx biopsy ECG electrocardiogram C&S culture and sensitivity EMLA Eutetic Mixture of Local Anaesthetic CABG coronary artery bypass graft ER oestrogen receptor CAD coronary artery disease ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatograph cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate CA-MRSA community-associated methicillin-resistant ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy Staphylococcus aureus EUA examination under anaesthesia CAS carotid angioplasty and stent EUS endoscopic ultrasound CBD common bile duct FAP familial polyposis coli CCF congestive cardiac failure FBC full blood count CD Clostridium difficile FCD fibrocystic disease CDH congenital dysplaia of the hip FFP fresh frozen plasma CDI central diabetes insipidus FHx family history List of abbreviations 7 FNAC fine-needle aspiration cytology LCA left coronary artery FSH follicle-stimulating hormone LDH lactate dehydrogenase 5-FU 5-fluorouracil LDL low density lipoprotein gFOBT guaiac faecal occult blood test LDUH low dose unfractionated heparin γ-GT gamma glutamyl transpeptidase LFT liver function test GA general anaesthetic LH luteinizing hormone GC gemcitabine, cisplatin LHRH LH-releasing hormone GCS Glasgow Coma Scale LIF left iliac fossa GFR glomerular filtration rate LMWH low molecular weight heparin GH growth hormone LOC loss of consciousness GI gastrointestinal LOS lower oesophageal sphincter GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumour LPS lipopolysaccharide Gm+, Gm– Gram-positive, Gram-negative LRD living related donor GORD gastro-oesophageal reflux disease LSE left sternal edge GSF greater sciatica foramen LSF lesser sciatica foramen GTN glyceryl trinitrate LSV long saphenous vein GU gastric ulcer LUQ left upper quadrant GU genito-urinary LURD living unrelated donor GVHD graft-versus-host disease LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms HALO haemorrhoidal artery ligation operation LV left ventricle Hb haemoglobin LVF left ventricular failure HCG human chorionic gonadotrophin MAG3 mercapto acetyl triglycine β-HCG beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin MAP mean arterial pressure Hct haematocrit MCP metacarpophalangeal HCT hematopoietic cell transplantation MC+S microscopy cultures and sensitivity HDL high density lipoprotein MDRO multidrug-resistant organisms HDU high-dependency unit MDT multidisciplinary team HER2/neu human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 MEAC minimum effective analgesic concentration HIDA hepatabiliary imido-diacetic acid MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia HLA human leucocyte antigen MI myocardial infarction HNPCC hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch MIBG meta-iodo-benzyl guanidine syndrome) MM malignant melanoma HoLEP holium laser enucleation of prostate MND motor neurone disease hPTH human parathyroid hormone MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome HRT hormone replacement therapy MRA magnetic resonance angiography HVA homovanillic acid MRCP magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography Hx history MRI magnetic resonance imaging I&D incision and drainage MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus IBS irritable bowel syndrome MS multiple sclerosis ICP intracranial pressure MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone ICS intercostal space MSU mid-stream urine ICU intensive care unit MT major trauma IFN-γ interferon gamma mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin Ig immunoglobulin MTP metatarsophalangeal IGF insulin-like growth factor MUGA multiple uptake gated analysis IL interleukin MVAC methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthetase cisplatin INR international normalized ratio N&V nausea and vomiting IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventilation NAdr noradrenaline/norepinephrine IV intravenous NDI nephrogenic diabetes insipidus IVC inferior vena cava NF-κB nuclear factor-κB IVU intravenous urogram NG nasogastric JGA juxtaglomerular apparatus NK natural killer JVP jugular venous pulse NPO nil per oram (nil by mouth) KUB kidney, ureter, bladder NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug LA local anaesthetic NSGCT non-seminomatous germ cell tumour LAD left anterior descending NSTEMI non-ST elevation myocardial infarction LATS long-acting thyroid stimulating (factor) NSU non-specific urethritis LBO large bowel obstruction OA osteoarthritis 8 List of abbreviations
The list of books you might like
