Surfaces and Interfaces II: Physical and Mechanical Properties

492 Pages·1968·14.977 MB·English

by  A. R. C. Westwood, R. G. Lye (auth.), John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, Volker Weiss (eds.)

Surfaces and Interfaces"
Physical and Mechanical Properties
SAGAMORE ARMY MATERIALS RESEARCH
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Publi sh ed by Syracuse Uni versity Press
Fundamentals of Deformation Processing
eds., Walter A. Backofen and others
(9th Proceeding)
Fatigue--An Interdisciplinary Approach
eds., John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
(10th Proceeding)
Strengthening Mechanisms-Metals and Ceramics
eds., John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
(12th Proceeding)
Surfaces and Interfaces I
Chemical and Physical Characteristics
eds., John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
(13th Proceeding)
Surfaces and Interfaces II
Physical and Mechanical Properties
EDITORS
John J. Burke
Staff Scientist, AImY Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Norman L. Reed
Associate Director, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Volker Weiss
Professor, Syracuse University
Proceedings of the 14th Sagamore Army Materials Research
Conference. Held at Sagamore Conference Center, Raquette
Lake, New York, August 22-25, 1967. Sponsored by Army
Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass.,
in cooperation with Syracuse University. Organized and di
rected by Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
in cooperation with Syracuse University.
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY PRESS
ISBN 978-1-4757-0180-7 ISBN 978-1-4757-0178-4 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4757-0178-4
Copyright © 1968
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1968
by Syracuse University Press
Syracuse, New York
First Edition
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress
Catalog Card Number: 64-12568
Sagamore Conference Committee
Chairman
Norman L. Reed, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center
Vice Chairman
John J. Burke, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center
Program Director
Volker Weiss, Syracuse University
Program Coordinator
Robert J. Sell, Syracuse University
Program Committee
Ernest P. Abrahamson II, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center
John J. Burke, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center
Nicholas J. Grant, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Norman L. Reed, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center
Volker Weiss, Syracuse University
A. R. C. Westwood, The Research Institute for Advanced Studies
Arrangements at
Sagamore Conference Center
Richard A. Jones, Syracuse University
Foreword
The Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center has conducted
the Sagamore Army Materials Research Conferences, in cooperation with
the Metallurgical Research Laboratories of the Department of Chemical
Engineering and Metallurgy of Syracuse University, since 1954. The
purpose of the conferences has been to gather together scientists and
engineers from academic institutions, industry, and government who are
uniquely qualified to explore in depth a subject of importance to the
Army, the Department of Defense and the scientific corr.munity.
This volume, Surfaces and Interfaces ll: Physical and Mechanical
Properties, can be considered a continuation, or perhaps an extension,
of the information contained in Surfaces and Interfaces I: Chemical and
Physical Characteristics. The emphasis in this volume is focused on:
the technological significance of surfaces and interfaces; surface
sensitive mechanical properties; environment-sensitive properties;
control of grain structure; and composite materials.
It is felt that the rather ambitious undertaking of the program committee
to place the role of "surfaces and interfaces" in its proper context has
been achieved. The balance between basic research findings and more
applied research allows the reader a certain degree of latitude in the
use of the two volumes.
The continued active interest and support of these conferences by
Col. C. T. Riordan, Commanding Officer, Dr. E. Scala, Technical Di
rector, and J. F. Sullivan, Deputy Technical Director, of the Army
Materials and Mechanics Research Center is appreciated.
Sagamore Conference Center The Editors
Raquette Lake, N ew York
August, 1967
vii
Contents
Session I
INTRODUCT ION
Norman L. Reed, Moc/erator
1 The Technological Significance of Surfaces and Interfaces
A. R. C. Westwood and R. G. Lye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Session II
SURFACE-SENSITIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Irwin G. Greenfield, Moc/erator
2 The Effects of the Surfaces on the Mechanical Properties of
Metals
J. C. Grosskreutz and D. K. Benson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3 Surface Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Non-Metals
J. H. Westbrook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4 An EPR Investigation of Newly Formed Fracture Surfaces
M. L. Williams and K. L. DeVries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Session III
ENVIRONMENT-SENSITIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Volker Weiss, Moc/erator
5 Liquid Metal Embrittlement
N. S. Stoloff. ....... ....... . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . ...... . . .. . 157
6 The Role of Brittle Surface Films in Stress-Corrosion Phe-
nomena
E. N. Pugh and A. J. Sedriks.. ........................... 183
7 Kinetics of Sub-Critical Crack Growth in High Strength Materials
Che-Yu Li and H. H. Johnson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Session IV
CONTROL OF GRAIN STRUCTURE
Harvey W. Schadler, Moc/erator
8 Mechanical Effects of Grain Boundaries
K. T. Aust ........................... , .. .. . . . . .. . . . ... . 235
9 Characteristics of Crack Failure
R. Beeuwkes, Jr. .. ....... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 277
ix
x CONTENTS
10 Directional Solidification and Composite Structures
M. C. Flemings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
11 The Role of Surfaces in Ni-Base Superalloys
S. M. Copley, B. H. Kear, and F. L. VerSnyder............. 353
12 The Role of Surfaces in Superplasticity
D. H. Avery and J. M. Stuart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 371
Session V
COMPOSITES
George Mayer, Moclerator
13 On the Interaction of Inclusions with Migratory Grain Bound
aries
M. F. Ashby and J. Lewis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
14 The Role of Interfaces in Fiber Composites
M. J. Salkind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
15 Mechanical Effects of Prominent Structure Elements
E. W. Hart .. " .... .. . ... . . . .. .. .. . .. ........ .. .. .. . . . . 447
16 Segregation at Interphase Boundaries
G. Bruggeman and E. B. Kula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Index. . . ... . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. 481
SESSION I
INTRODUCTION
MODERATOR: NORMAN L. REED
Associate Director
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Watertown, Massachusetts
1
1. Surfaces and Interfaces in Materials
Technology
A. R. C. WESTWOOD AND R. G. LYE
Research Institute for Advanced Studies
Martin Marietta Corporation
Baltimore, Maryland
ABSTRACT
Surfaces and interfaces are involved in many aspects of engineering
technology. Of particular interest to materials scientists are those as
pects in which phenomena occurring at external or internal surfaces de
termine mechanical behavior, or electronic properties. In this paper,
factors involved in some of these effects, and in such important surface
phenomena as friction, lubrication and wear, sintering, welding and ad
hesion, are reviewed and briefly discussed.
Intr od uct i on
Recently, Volkenstein [1] defined the (external) surface of a solid as
the meeting place of two sciences, physics and chemistry, and of two
types of investigators, those who approach the surface from inside the
solid (the physicists) and those who approach it from the outside (the
chemists). A more generalized definition, and one which does not ex
clude materials scientists from the scene of action, is that a surface or
interface is the region of discontinuity between two phases [2]. This
definition should also be taken to include internal surfaces, such as grain
boundaries, in which the density of the interphase material differs from
that of the bulk phases.
Both external and internal surfaces play important roles in technology.
For example, in order to produce gasoline, drugs, dyes or synthetic fi
bers, the chemical industry relies to a large degree on the catalytic
properties of semiconductor or metal surfaces. Likewise, a major seg
ment of the fast-growing electronics industry is founded upon the physi
cal properties of doped semiconductor surfaces, a development which
exemplifies the successful utilization of basic research [3], Another
segment of the industry is based on the thermal emission of electrons
from hot metal or metal oxide-coated filaments. Friction also is a sur-
3