Surface X-Ray and Neutron Scattering: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, Physik Zentrum, Bad Honnef, Fed. Rep. of Germany, June 25–28, 1991

236 Pages·1992·10.285 MB·English

by  S. K. Sinha (auth.), Professor Dr. Hartmut Zabel, Dr. Ian K. Robinson (eds.)

Springer
Proceedings in Physics 61
Springer Proceedings in Physics
Managing Editor: H. K. V. Lotsch
44 Optical Fiber Sensors 54 Polycrystalline Semiconductors II
Editors: H. J. Arditty, J. P. Dakin, Editors: J. H. Werner and H. P. Strunk
and R. Th. Kersten
55 Nonlinear Dynamics and Quantum Phenomena
45 Computer Simulation Studies in Condensed
in Optical Systems
Matter Physics II: New Directions
Editors: R. Vilaseca and R. Corbahin
Editors: D. P. Landau, K. K. Mon,
and H.-B. Schilttler
56 Amorphous and Crystalline
46 Cellular Automata and Modeling of Complex Silicon Carbide III and Other Group
Physical Systems IV -IV Materials
Editors: P. Manneville, N. Boccara, Editors: G. L. Harris, M. G. Spencer,
G. Y. Vichniac, and R. Bidaux and C. Y.-W. Yang
47 Number Theory and Physics 57 Evolutionary Trends in the Physical Sciences
Editors: J.-M. Luck, P. Moussa, Editors: M. Suzuki and R. Kubo
and M. Waldschmidt
58 New Trends in Nuclear Collective Dynamics
48 Many-Atom Interactions in Solids
Editors: Y. Abe, H. Horiuchi,
Editors: R .M. Nieminen, M. J. Puska,
and K. Matsuyanagi
and M. J. Manninen
49 Ultrafast Phenomena in Spectroscopy 59 ExotIc Atoms in Condensed Matter
Editors: E. Klose and B. Wilhelmi Editors: G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly
50 Magnetic Properties of Low-Dimensional
60 The Physics and Chemistry of
Systems II: New Developments
Oxide Superconductors
Editors: L. M. Falicov, F. Mejia-Lira,
Editors: Y. lye and H. Yasuoka
andJ. L. Monin-L6pez
51 The Physics and Chemistry of Organic 61 Surface X-Ray and Neutron Scattering
Superconductors Editors: H. Zabel and I. K. Robinson
Editors: G. Saito and S. Kagoshima
62 Surface Science: Lectures on BasIC Concepts
52 Dynamics and Patterns in Complex Fluids: and Applications
New Aspects oft he Physics-ChemIStry Editors: F. A. Ponce and M. Cardona
Interface
Editors: A. Onuki and K. Kawasaki
63 Coherent Raman Spectroscopy: Recent Advances
Editors: G. Marowsky and V. V. Smirnov
53 Computer Simulation Studies in Condensed
Matter Physics III
Editors: D. P. Landau, K. K. Mon, 64 Superconducting Devices and Their ApplIcatIOns
and H. -B. Schuttler Editors: H. Koch and H. Lilbbig
Volumes 1-43 are listed on the back inside cover
H. Zabel I. K. Robinson
(Eds.)
Surface X-Ray
and Neutron Scattering
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference,
Physik Zentrum, Bad Ronnef, Fed. Rep. of Germany,
June 25-28, 1991
With 120 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. Hartmut Zabel
Fakultat fUr Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum,
W-4630 Bochum, Fed. Rep. of Germany
Dr. Ian K. Robinson
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Building 510E, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY 11973, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging·in-Publication Data. Surface X-ray and neutron scattering: proceedings of the
2nd international conference, Physik Zentrum, Bad Honnef, Fed. Rep. of Germany, June 25-28, 19911 editors,
H. Zabel and I. K. Robinson. p. cm. -(Springer proceedings in physics; v. 61) Includes bibliographical references
and index.
ISBN-\3: 978-3-642-77146-0 e-ISBN-\3: 978-3-642-77144-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-77144-6
1. Surfaces (Physics)--Optical properties-Congresses. 2. X-rays-Scatter
ing-Congresses. 3. Neutrons-Scattering-Congresses. I. Zabel, H. (Hartmut), 1946 -. II. Robinson, I. K. (Ian
K.), 1955-. III. Senes. QCI73.4.S94S97 1991 530.4'27-<1c20 91-38289
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Preface
The field of surface X -ray and neutron scattering has grown substantially in the
last few years, as witnessed by the increased participation in this conference
since the first meeting in Marseille in 1989. This is partly due to increased
awareness of the power of the techniques we use, but is also stimulated by the
availability of new central facilities, such as synchrotron radiation sources and
neutron reftectometers.
This volume represents the combined contributions of the 88 participants.
While entirely confined to the subject of the conference, the contributions come
from a wide variety of fields, ranging from physics to biology. Some papers con
centrate on basic principles of physics, such as the existence of two-dimensional
crystals, mathematically and in reality. Several papers on instrumentation, exper
imental optimisation and techniques of data analysis were presented. This shows
the present rapid evolution of the methods themselves. The high level of discus
sion of the interpretation of results and of the definition of terms used also proved
a
the need for conference for researchers with these interests. Our field clearly
demonstrates its youth; we felt that it would one day reach maturity, the confer
ence series would gracefully come to an end, and the participants would return to
their fields of origin. But that time has certainly not yet come. The future outlook
for our new field is very bright. We expect increased use of X-ray and neutron
diffraction and reflectivity methods, which will be especially promoted by the
new facilities under construction. One participant noted, for example, that every
"collaborative access team" proposal for the Advanced Photon Source includes
some aspect or other of surface diffraction. It is likely that growth will be partic
ularly aggressive in the technologically relevant areas, such as microelectronics,
coatings, corrosion, electrochemistry, and drug delivery systems. For this reason
our surfaces may be moving out of the special, rarified conditions of ultra high
vacuum and on into the real world of general interfaces.
The editors would like to thank the speakers for promptly preparing their
manuscripts and returning them in final form after they had undergone a referee
ing process, which was mainly undertaken during the conference. We are grateful
to the members of the local committee, N. Metoki, A. Stierle, P. Sonntag, and A.
Schreyer, for their help in coordinating the paper handling and all other details
essential for smooth running of the conference. We would also like to express
our gratitude to the staff of the Physikzentrum, Bad Honnef, for their techni-
v
cal help and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for their generous financial
support. Thanks go also to the sponsors of the conference. We thank all mem
bers of the International Advisory Committee for their helpful suggestions and
recommendations.
Bochum, Brookhaven Hartmut Zl1bel
July 1991 Ian K. Robinson
VI
Contents
Conference Summary
By S.K. Sinha ........................................ 1
Part I Surface Crystallography and Phase Transitions
Surface X-Ray Crystallography and STM Images
By R. Feidenhans'l (With 3 Figures) ......................... 5
Detennination of Metal Adsorbed Surfaces by X-Ray Diffraction
By T. Takahashi (With 5 Figures) ........................... 11
Au Adsorption on Si(l1l) Studied
by Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction
By C. Schamper, D. Dornisch, W. Moritz, H. Schulz, R. Feidenhans'l,
M. Nielsen, F. Grey, and R.L. Johnson (With 3 Figures) ........... 17
Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering Study of Staircases
of Steps on Si(OOI) Surfaces
By G. Renaud, P.H. Fuoss, J. Bevk, and B.S. Freer
(With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Structure and Phase Transitions of Ge(111) and Si(l1l) Surfaces
at High Temperatures
By K.I. Blum, D.Y. Noh, A. Mak, K.W. Evans-Lutterodt, J.D. Brock,
G.A. Held, and R.J. Birgeneau (With 3 Figures) ................. 27
Anomalous Scattering Applied to Co/Si(lll) Interface Structure
By N. Jedrecy, A. Waldhauer, M. Sauvage-Simkin, R. Pinchaux,
and V.H. Etgens (With 2 Figures) ........................... 33
X-Ray Reflectivity Studies of Au Surfaces
By D.L. Abernathy, D. Gibbs, G. Griibel, K.G. Huang, S.G.J. Mochrie,
B.M. Ocko, A.R. Sandy, and D.M. Zehner (With 5 Figures) ......... 37
Crystal Truncation Rod as a Convolution
of Three-Dimensional Bravais Lattice with X-Ray Reflectivity
By Hoydoo You ....................................... 47
Extended X-Ray Reflectivity Analysis of Si(111)7x7
By I.K. Robinson and E. Vlieg (With 3 Figures) ................. 51
VII
Critical Phenomena at Surfaces and Interfaces
By R. Lipowsky ....................................... S7
Surface-Induced Order Observed on a Cu3Au(OOI) Surface
By K.S. Liang, H.H. Hung, S.L. Chang, Z. Fu, S.C. Moss,
and K. Oshima (With 2 Figures) ............................ 6S
Thermal Dynamics of (110) fcc Metal Surfaces
ByK.Kem .......................................... 69
Facet Coexistence in the Roughening Transition of Ag(11 0)
By H.G. Hfunis, E.H. Conrad, E. Vlieg, and IK. Robinson
(With S Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Kinetics of Ordering with Random Impurities: Pb on Ni(OOI)
By P.W. Stephens, PJ. Eng, and T. Tse (With 3 Figures) ........... 79
Part IT Reflectivity
Anomalous Reflectivity:
A New Method for Determining Density Profiles of Thin Films
By S.K. Sinha, M.K. Sanyal, K.G. Huang, A. Gibaud, M. Rafailovich,
J. Sokolov, X. Zhao, and W. Zhao (With 3 Figures) .............. 8S
Specular and Diffuse Scattering Studies of Multilayer Interfaces
By M.K. Sanyal, S.K. Sinha, A. Gibaud, S.K. Satija, C.F. MaJ~,
and H. Homa (With 3 Figures) ............................. 91
Scattering Cross-Section of X-Rays and Neutrons
for Grazing Incidence onto Thin Films
By A. Haase and S. Dietrich .............................. 9S
Total Neutron Reflection: Experiments and Analysis
By G.P. Felcher, W.D. Dozier, Y.Y. Huang, and X.L. Zhou
(With 3 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
Profile Refinement in Neutron Reflectivity
and Grazing Angle Diffraction
By J.F. Ankner (With 1 Figure) ............................ lOS
partm Surface X-Ray Standing Waves
X-Ray Standing Wave Studies of the LiquidlSolid Interface
and Ultrathin Organic Films
By M.J. Bedzyk (With 3 Figures) ........................... 113
Glancing-Incidence X-Ray Analysis of Layered Materials
By D.K.G. de Boer and W.W. van den Hoogenhof
(With 4 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119
VIII
Investigation of the Heavy-Atom Distribution
in a Langmuir-Blodgett Film by an X-Ray Total External Reflection
and Fluorescence Study
By S.I. Zheludeva, M.V. Kovalchuk, N.N. Novikova, LV. Bashelhanov,
T. Ishikawa, and K. Izumi (With 2 Figures) .................... 125
A Structural Investigation of an Ultra-Thin Langmuir-Blodgett Film
by an X-Ray Standing Wave Excited in a LSM Substrate
Under the Bragg Diffraction Condition
By M.V. Kovalchuk, S.L Zheludeva, N.N. Novikova, LV. Bashelhanov,
MJ. Bedzyk, and G.M. Bommarito (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
PartN Liquid Surfaces
The Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers
By P. Eisenberger, P. Fenter, and K.S. Liang (With 1 Figure) 135
Behenic Acid as a Structural Model for Fatty Acid Monolayers
at the Air/Water Interface: An X-Ray Diffraction Study
By R.M. Kenn, C. Bohm, H. Mohwald, K. Kjaer, and J. Als-Nielsen
(With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 139
X-Ray Scattering Studies of Organic Monolayers
on Electrolytic Solutions: Arachidic Acid on CdCh
By K. Kjaer, J. Als-Nielsen, R.M. Kenn, C. Bohm, P. Tippmann-Krayer,
C.A. Helm, H. Mohwald, F. Leveiller, D. Jacquemain, M. Labav,
L. Leiserowitz, and M. Deutsch (With 3 Figures) ................ 143
The Phases of Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine Monolayers
By C.A. Helm, P. Tippmann-Krayer, R.M. Kenn, H. Mohwald,
J. Als-Nielsen, and K. Kjaer (With 2 Figures) ................... 147
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Fatty Acid Monolayers
on the Surface of Water
By M.e. Shih, T.M. Bohanon, J.M. Mikrut, P. Zschack, and P. Dutta
(With 2 Figures) ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151
Protein Recognition Processes at Functionalized Lipid Surfaces:
A Neutron Reflectivity Study
By D. Vaknin, J. Als-Nielsen, M. Piepenstock, and M. LOsche
(With 1 Figure) ....................................... 155
Neutron Reflection from LiquidlLiquid Interfaces
By T. Cosgrove, A. Eaglesham, D. Horne, J.S. Phipps,
and R.M. Richardson (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 159
Polymer Interfaces Analysed on a Nanometer Scale:
X-Ray and Neutron Reflectometry
By M. Stamm ........................................ 167
IX
Neutron Reflection from Polymers Adsorbed
at the Solid/Liquid Interface
By T. Cosgrove, I.S. Phipps, and R.M. Richardson
(With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
Part V Electrochemistry
Electrochemical Roughening of Au(11O) Single Crystal Electrodes
By K.M. Robinson, W.E. O'Grady, and lK. Robinson
(With 1 Figure) ....................................... 175
Part VI Thin Films and Multilayers
Reflectivity Studies of Thin Au Films and Au Bicrystals
with Grain Boundaries
By E. Burkel, M. Fitzsimmons, and M. Muller-Stach
(With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
Depth Resolved Diffuse Scattering from Buried CoSh Layers
in Silicon
By D. Bahr, B. Burandt, M. Tolan, W. Press, R. lebasinski,
and S. Manti (With 2 Figures) ............................. 187
Glancing Angle X-Ray Techniques for the Analysis
of Ion Beam Modified Surfaces
By T.A. Crabb and P.N. Gibson (With 3 Figures) ................ 191
Surface Analysis of Borkron Glass for Neutron Applications
By M. Maaza, C. Sella, B. Farnoux, F. Samuel, and P. Trocellier
(With 3 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
X-Ray Bragg Reflectivity of ErAs Epitaxial Films
By P.F. Miceli, C.l. Palmstr~m, and K.W. Moyers
(With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203
Measurement of Magnetic Field Penetration Depth in Niobium
Polycrystalline Films by the Polarized Neutron Reflection Method
By L.P. Chernenko, D.A. Korneev, A.V. Petrenko, N.l Balalykin,
and A.V. Skripnik (With 1 Figure) .......................... 209
Neutron Reflectivity Studies on Superconducting, Magnetic
and Absorbing Thin Films on the Polarized Neutron Spectrometer
at the Pulsed Reactor ffiR-2
By D.A. Korneev, V.V. Pasyuk, A.V. Petrenko, and E.B. Dokukin
(With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213
x