Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents: Properties and Applications in Environmental Remediation PDF
Preview Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents: Properties and Applications in Environmental Remediation
Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents This page intentionally left blank Interface Science and Technology Surface Science of Adsorbents and Nanoadsorbents Properties and Applications in Environmental Remediation Volume 34 Tawfik A. Saleh FacultyMember,ChemistryDepartment,andIRCforAdvancedMaterials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Academic PressisanimprintofElsevier 125 LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50 HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2022ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledge inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments described herein.Inusingsuchinformation or methodstheyshouldbemindfulof theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomthey havea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasa matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise, orfromany useor operationof any methods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-849876-7 ISSN:1573-4285 Forinformation onallElsevier publicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: SusanDennis Acquisition Editor:Charles Bath EditorialProjectManager:Aera F.Gariguez ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan Cover Designer:Mark Rogers TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Interface Science and Technology Series Editor: Arthur T. Hubbard In this Series: Vol. 1: Clay Surfaces: Fundamentals and Applications Edited by F. Wypych and K.G. Satyanarayana Vol. 2: Electrokinetics in Microfluids By Dongqing Li Vol. 3: Radiotracer Studies of Interfaces Edited By G. Hora´nyi Vol. 4: Emulsions: Structure Stability and Interactions Edited By D.N. Petsev Vol. 5: Inhaled Particles By Chiu-sen Wang Vol. 6: Heavy Metals in the Environment: Origin, Interaction and Remediation Edited By H.B. Bradl Vol. 7: Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation Edited By Teresa J. Bandosz Vol. 8: Tissue Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications By Yoshito Ikada Vol. 9: Particles at Interfaces: Interactions, Deposition, Structure By Zbigniew Adamczyk Vol. 10: Interface Science in Drinking Water Treatment: Theory and Applications Edited By G. Newcombe and D. Dixon Vol. 11: Surface Complexation Modelling Edited By Johannes Lu¨tzenkirchen Vol. 12: Theory of Colloid and Interfacial Electric Phenomena By Hiroyuki Ohshima Vol. 13: Sorbent Deformation By A.V. Tvardovskiy Vol. 14: Advanced Chemistry of Monolayers at Interfaces: Trends in Methodology and Technology Edited By Toyoko Imae Vol. 15: Macromolecules in Solution and Brownian Relativity By Stefano A. Mezzasalma Vol. 16: ThePropertiesofWaterandtheirRoleinColloidalandBiological Systems By Carel Jan van Oss Vol. 17: Chemistry on Modified Oxide and Phosphate Surfaces: Funda- mentals and Applications By Robson Fernandes de Farias Vol. 18: Interface Science and Composites By Soo-Jin Park and Min-Kang Seo Vol. 19: Nanoparticle Technologies: From Lab to Market By Farid Bensebaa Vol. 20: Particles at Interfaces By Zbigniew Adamczyk Vol. 21: Self-Assembly Processes at Interfaces: Multiscale Phenomena By Vincent Ball Vol. 22: Rheology of Emulsions: Electrohydrodynamics Principles By Aleksandar M. Spasic Vol. 23: TailoredThinCoatings for Corrosion Inhibitionusinga Molecular Approach By Simo Olavi Pehkonen and Shaojun Yuan Vol. 24: Charge and Energy Storage in Electrical Double Layers By Silvia Ahualli and A´ngel V. Delgado Vol. 25: Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Membranes ByMihirKumarPurkait,ManishKumarSinha,PiyalMondal,and Randeep Singh Vol. 26: TheoryofElectrophoresisandDiffusiophoresisofHighlyCharged Colloidal Particles By Eric Lee Vol. 27: Graphene Surfaces: Particles and Catalysts By Karim Kakaei, Mehdi Esrafili and Ali Ehsani Vol. 28: An Introduction to Green Nanotechnology By Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Mohammad Sajadi, Monireh Atarod, Mohadeseh Sajjadi and Zahra Isaabadi Vol. 29: Emerging Natural and Tailored Nanomaterials for Radioactive Waste Treatment and Environmental Remediation Edited by Changlun Chen Vol. 30: Advanced Low-Cost Separation Techniques in Interface Science Edited by George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos Vol. 31: Surface Science of Photocatalysis Edited by Jiaguo Yu, Mietek Jaroniec and Chuanjia Jiang Vol. 32: Photocatalysis: Fundamental Processes and Applications Edited by Mehrorang Ghaedi Vol. 33: Adsorption: Fundamental Processes and Applications Edited by Mehrorang Ghaedi Contents Preface xv Acknowledgment xvii 1. Overview of surface and interface science 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Atomsandmolecules 1 1.2 Element,compound,substance,andmixture 2 1.3 Matterandmaterial 4 1.4 Chemicalformulae 7 1.5 Chemicalreactions 7 2. Bulk materialsandnanomaterials 8 2.1 Definitions 8 2.2 Differencesbetweenbulkandnanomaterials 12 2.3 Typesofnanomaterials 15 3. Science ofnanomaterials 19 3.1 Chemistryofmaterials 19 3.2 Scienceofnanomaterials 19 3.3 Nanoscienceandnanotechnology 19 4. Surfacescienceandinterface 22 4.1 Surfacescience 22 4.2 Surfacechemistry 24 4.3 Surfacephysics 24 4.4 Surfaceingeometry 25 4.5 Differencebetweensurfaceandinterface 25 4.6 Examplesofsurfaceandinterface 26 5. Applicationofsurfacescience 30 5.1 Adsorption 31 5.2 Colloid 32 5.3 Emulsion 33 5.4 Otherapplications 34 6. Theoriesofsurfacescience 35 6.1 TheHamiltonian 36 References 37 vii viii Contents 2. Adsorption technology and surface science 1. Introduction 39 2. Adsorption andabsorption 41 3. Adhesion 41 4. Tribology 44 5. Adsorption terms 47 6. Classificationofadsorptionprocess 48 6.1 Physisorption 50 6.2 Chemisorption 52 6.3 Ionexchange 52 7. Factorsaffectingdegree ofadsorption 53 7.1 Surfacearea 53 7.2 Heatofadsorption 55 7.3 Solubilityofadsorbate 55 7.4 Otherfactors 55 8. Requirementsforsorbents 57 9. Interactions 57 10. BETtheory 57 11. Adsorption principles 58 12. Adsorption equilibrium 63 13. Conclusions 63 References 63 3. Kinetic models and thermodynamics of adsorption processes: classification 1. Adsorption reactionmodels andempiricalmodels 65 1.1 Overview 65 1.2 Stepsinadsorptionmasstransfer 65 2. Masstransfer 67 2.1 Stagesinsorptionprocess 67 2.2 Whystudykineticsforsorptionprocess 70 3. Masstransfermodels 70 3.1 Pseudo-first-orderkineticmodel 70 3.2 Pseudo-second-orderkinetic model 73 3.3 Mixed-ordermodel 75 3.4 Elovichmodel 75 3.5 Ritchie’sequation 76 3.6 BrouerseSotolongofractalkineticmodel 76 3.7 Pseudo-nth-ordermodel 76 4. Externaldiffusion models 77 4.1 FrusawaandSmithmodel 77 4.2 MathewsandWeber(M&W)model 77 4.3 Phenomenologicalexternalmasstransfermodel 78 Contents ix 5. Internal diffusion models 78 5.1 Boyd’sintraparticlediffusion model 78 5.2 WeberandMorris model 81 5.3 Phenomenologicalinternalmasstransfermodel 81 6. Porevolumeandsurfacediffusion model 81 7. Models foradsorption ontoactivesites 82 8. Biotnumber 82 8.1 Calculationofbiotnumber 82 8.2 Whycalculatebiotnumber 82 9. Adsorptionprocessandmodelevaluation 83 9.1 Coefficient ofcorrelation 83 9.2 Chi-square 84 9.3 Otherindicators 84 10. Adsorptionthermodynamics 85 10.1 Gibbsfreeenergyofchange(DG(cid:1)) 85 10.2 Enthalpychange 86 10.3 Entropy change 86 10.4 Isostericheatofadsorption 86 10.5 Hoppingnumber 88 10.6 Adsorptionpotential 88 10.7 Adsorptiondensity 88 10.8 Stickingprobability 88 10.9 Activationenergy 91 11. Conclusions 91 References 92 4. Isotherm models of adsorption processes on adsorbents and nanoadsorbents 1. Isothermadsorptionmodels 99 2. Adsorptionempiricalisotherms 101 2.1 Linearmodel 101 2.2 Freundlichadsorptionisotherm 103 2.3 RedlichePetersonIsotherm 108 2.4 Sipsmodel 110 2.5 Tothisothermmodel 111 2.6 Temkinisotherm model 111 3. AdsorptionmodelsbasedonPolanyi’spotentialtheory 112 3.1 DubinineRadushkevichmodel 112 3.2 DubinineAstakhovmodel 113 4. Chemicaladsorptionmodels 114 4.1 Langmuirmodel 115 4.2 Volmerisothermmodel 116 5. Physicaladsorptionmodels 117 5.1 BETadsorptionisotherm 117 5.2 Aranovichmodel 121
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