Supporting Ownership: Swedish Development Cooperation with Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda PDF
Preview Supporting Ownership: Swedish Development Cooperation with Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda
Supporting Ownership Supporting Ownership –SwedishDevelopment Cooperation withKenya, Tanzania, and Uganda SwedishDevelopment Cooperation withKenya, Tanzania, and Uganda Looking at Swedishdevelopment cooperation with three countries inEast Africa, Kenya, TanzaniaandUganda, this study tries tofind Volume II: Country Studies out how alongstanding Swedishpolicy of facilitating and promotingpartner country ownership ofdevelopment aid has been John Weeks translated intopractice. Ineachcountry,half adozen projects and David Andersson programs areexamined indepth. Chris Cramer The conclusions of the study are relevant todevelopment Alemayehu Geda cooperation generally.With the shift fromprojects toprograms Degol Hailu and the increasing needfor coordination between donors, the Frank Muhereza contextualparameters for implementing apro-ownership policy Matteo Rizzi arechanging. While program support canfacilitateownership, the Eric Ronge linkis by no means automatic.Owne rship canbe und ermined by HowardStein policy conditionalities orby lacko fadministrativeand techni cal capacity in the partner country. The shift toprogramaid alsoaff ects the ability of donors to promotepopular participation and broader stakeholder ownership of the activities that they support.In the context ofprogram assistance, the government is responsible toprogram beneficiaries and other citizens through the generaldemocratic processes rather thanthrough r epresentation by donors.Popular ownership canonly beassessed through anevaluation of the functioning ofdemocraticinstitutions. SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY Department for EvaluationandInternalAudit Address:SE-105 25Stockholm,Sweden. Visitingaddress:Sveavägen 20,Stockholm. Tel:+46 8 698 50 00.Fax:+46 8 20 88 64. SidaEVALUATION 02/33:1 E-mail:[email protected] www .sida.se Supporting Ownership: SwedishDevelopment Cooperation withKenya, Tanzania, and Uganda Volume II: Country Studies John Weeks David Andersson Chris Cramer Alemayehu Geda Degol Hailu Frank Muhereza Matteo Rizzo Eric Ronge HowardStein Sida EVALUATION 02/33:1 This reportis part of SidaEvaluations,a series comprisingevaluations of Swedishdevelopment assistance. Sida’s other series concerned withevaluations,SidaStudies inEvaluation,concerns methodologically oriented studies commissionedby Sida.Both series areadministered by theDepartment for EvaluationandInternal Audit,anindependentdepartment reportingdirectly toSida’s BoardofDirectors . Reports may beorderedfrom: Infocenter,Sida S-105 25Stockholm Telephone:(+46)(0)8506 42 380 Telefax:(+46)(0)850642 352 E-mail:[email protected] Reports arealsoavailab le todownloadat: http://www.sida.se Authors:DavidAndersson,Chris Cramer,Alemayehu Geda,DegolHailu,FrankMuhereza,MatteoRizzi, EricRonge,HowardStein andJohnWeeks The views andinterpretations expressedin this report are theauthors’and donot necessarily reflect those of theSwedishInternationalDevelopment Cooperation Agency,Sida. SidaEvaluation02/33:1 Commissionedby Sida,Department for EvaluationandInternalAudit Copyright:Sidaandtheauthors RegistrationNo.:1998-01840 DateofFin alReport:December 2002 Printedby ElandersNovum Art.no.SIDA2070en ISBN91-586-8736-x ISSN1401-0402 SWEDISHINTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENTCOOPERATIONAGENCY Address:S-105 25Stockh olm,Sweden.Office:Sveavägen 20,Stockholm Telephone:+46 (0)8-698 50 00.Telefax:+46 (0)8-20 88 64 Telegram: sida stockholm. Postgiro:156 34–9 E-mail:[email protected]. Homepage:http://www.sida.se Author’s Preface TheCDPRevaluation team thanks all those whoprovided theinforma- tion to make this evaluationpossible.Many government officials, repre- sentatives of civil society groups, and individuals generously gave their time.Special t hanks go toSida s taff in Stockholm and in the countries studied, whosehelpandopenness was key toour work. The latter group will find in this report anumber of suggestions for changes inSidapractice. Thecritical subtext of these suggestions reflects thegapbetweenpracticeand thelofty anddifficult goals that Sidaprofes- sionals have set themselves.Promoting recipient ‘ownership’ of projects and programs is a radicalage nda, which involves adif ficult process of reflection upon theagency’s past work.The willingness of staff toengage in this process reflects the resilienceand adaptability of theagency. Sida’s ability tofoster ownershipineachof thecountries is facilitatedby afundamentalcharacteristicof the organisation:its institutional self-in- terest is moreconsistent witha b roadand deep ownership agenda than for any other significant donor inEast Africa. Transferring control of projects and programs has profound implica- tions,for the relationshipbetweenSwedenandits development partners, for theinternaloperations of Sida,andfor theday-to-day workofSida professionals in Stockholm and in the field. The evaluation team was acutely awareof the seriousness of theevaluation taskand thepotentially important role this report might play in futureSwedishaid policy.Our hopeis that thecare wehave takeninpreparing the reportmatches the seriousness of theendeavour. Table of Contents List of Acronyms................................................................................ iv ExecutiveSummary –Kenya .........................................................ix ExecutiveSummary –Uganda ......................................................xi ExecutiveSummary –Ta nzania..................................................xiii Introduction............................................................................................1 Sida and Partner Country Ownership..........................................3 PART I–KENY A 1. Kenya and the Donors –The Macro-Economic Context ........................................................................................9 TheMacroeconomicEnvironment................................................ 9 Poverty andInequality .................................................................12 InternationalInstitutions:WorldBank,IMFand ProgramAid .................................................................................13 Kenya’s Major DonorsandSida’s Position..................................18 2.Sida P rograms and Projects in Kenya...........................22 Introduction:Programand Project selection...............................22 Debt Management,1985–1995 ...................................................23 HealthSector Program................................................................29 NationalAgricultureand LivestockExtension Program .............38 NationalCivicEducationProgram..............................................46 KenyaFederationof WomenLawyers.........................................51 LakeVictoriaInitiative.................................................................56 i 3.Review of Ownership in Kenya..........................................59 InstitutionalConstraints ...............................................................59 Bilateralor MultilateralAssistance? .............................................60 Nationalor LocalOwnership?.....................................................62 OwnershipandConditionality.....................................................63 PART II –UGANDA 1Uganda a nd the Donors –The Macroeconomic Context......................................................................................67 TheMacroeconomicEnvironment.............................................. 69 Poverty andInequality .................................................................72 InternationalInstitutions:WorldBank,IMFandProgramAid ..74 Uganda’s Major DonorsandSida’s Position...............................77 2Sida P rograms and Projects in Uganda........................82 Introduction:Programand Project Selection ..............................82 UgandaParticipatoryPoverty Assessment Project....................... 82 Water,Environment andSanitation.............................................85 HealthSector Support .................................................................93 HumanRights and Democracy...................................................97 TheJusticeLaw andOrder SWAp..............................................98 Support toHumanRights Inf ormationNetwork ......................102 FinancialSystems Development Program .................................107 CoffeeMarketing .......................................................................110 3Review of Ownership in Uganda.....................................112 InstitutionalConstraints onOwnership.....................................112 Bilateraland MultilateralAssistance? ........................................114 Nationalor LocalOwnership?...................................................116 OwnershipandConditionality...................................................120 PART III –TANZANIA 1. Tanzania and the Donors –The Macroeconomic Context....................................................................................127 ThePolitical,Socialand EconomicContext.............................127 Trends inAidFlows ...................................................................131 Sidain Tanzania........................................................................ 137 Tanzania’s Major DonorsandSida’s Position...........................140 2.Sida P rograms and Projects in Tanzania....................142 Introduction:Programs andProjects Selection..........................142 ii Budget Support..........................................................................142 EducationSector Development Program (EducationSWAp) ..150 FEMINAHealthInformationProject....................................... 161 Healthand SanitationThroughWater...................................... 168 Support tothe PrivateSector..................................................... 177 CivilServiceReform(NationalBureau of Statistics).................183 3.Review of Ownership in Tanzania...................................189 InstitutionalConstraints onOwnership.....................................189 Ownershipover theProject Cycle..............................................191 MultipleOwnership...................................................................192 Ownershipas theProduct of Process andConflict................... 194 SidaAttitudes and theMeaningof Ownership.........................196 OwnershipandConditionality...................................................198 PART IV –CONCLUSION 1. OwnershipShouldbeEvident in the Country Strategy Process...................................................................201 2.Owners hipShouldbeaConsiderationinProject Identification,Selection,Implementationand Follow-up.............................................................................202 3.Projects and Programs shouldbeDesigned to Foster PartnerCountry Ownership.....................................203 4. Development AssistanceShould Aim toEnhancePopular Ownership...........................................................................204 5. OwnershipShouldbeAddressedinCo-operation andCo-ordination withother Donors ................................205 Appendix I: Tables...........................................................................207 Appendix II: List of Persons Interviewed ................................216 Appendix III: Bibliography.............................................................223 iii List of Acronyms ACFODE ActionFor Development ADF AfricanDevelopment Foundation AfDB AfricanDevelopment Bank AIDS AcquiredImmunity Deficiency Syndrome A-in-A Aid-in-Appropriation BC BritishCouncil BEDC BasicEducationDevelopment Committee BoU Bankof Uganda CAO Chief AdministrativeOfficer CBOsComm unity-BasedOrganisations CBR Centrefor BasicResearch CCCC CapitalCost Community Contribution CCM ChamaChaMapanduzi CDF ComprehensiveDevelopment Framework CDPR Centrefor Development Policy andResearch CDRN Community Development ResearchNetwork CEDMAC ConstitutionalEducationfor theMarginalisedCategories CG ConsultativeGroup CHADEMA ChamachaDemokrasianaMaendeleo CHDC ChildHealthand Development Centre CIDA CanadianInternationalDevelopment Agency CMSA CapitalMarket andSecurity Authority ComSec CommonwealthSecretariat CRE-CO ConstitutionalReformEducationConsortium CSD CivilServiceDepartment CSOsCivil Society Organisations CSRP CivilServiceReformProgram CSS Chamber of SouthernSweden CUF CivicUnitedFront DAC Development Assistant Committee iv DANIDA DanishAgency for InternationalDevelopment Assistance DAOsDistrict AgriculturalOfficers DDP District Development Program DfID Department for ForeignInternationalDevelopment DHMB District HealthManagement Board DHP DistrictHealthPlans DM Debt Management DMD Debt Management Division DRC DemocraticRepublicof Congo DRT Development Researchand Training DSWP Dutch sponsoredDomesticWater Supply Program DWD DirectorateofWa ter Development EAC East AfricanCo-Operation EADCF East AfricanDevelopment CommunicationFoundation EAM East AfricanMovies EC EuropeanCommission ECEP TheEcumenicalConstitutionalEduca tionProgram EDF EuropeanDevelopment Fund EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity EPOPA Export Promotionof OrganicProducts fromAfrica EPRC EconomicPolicy ResearchCentre ESAF EnhancedStructuralAdjustment Facility ESDP EducationSector Development Program EU EuropeanUnion FAWE Forumfor WomenEducationalists FEF Friends of theEnvironment Foundation FHRI Foundationfor HumanRights Initiative FIDA TheKenyaFederationof WomenLawyers FINNIDA FinishInternationalDevelopment Agency FMA FinancialManagement Agency FSD TheFinancialSystems Development Program GDP Gross DomesticProduct GoK Government of Kenya GoS Government of Sweden GoT Government of Tanzania GoU Government of Uganda GoU-MFPED Government of UgandaMinistry of Finance,Planning andEconomicDevelopment GoU-MWLE Government of UgandaMinistry of Water,Landand theEnvironment v GTZ GermanDevelopment Co-operation HBS HouseholdBudget Survey HDI HumanDevelopment Index HESAWA Healthand SanitationThroughWater HIID HarvardInstituteofInternationalDevelopment
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