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SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION, COLLABORATIVE ADVANTAGE AND PERFORMANCE by PDF

429 Pages·2014·5.26 MB·English
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NORTHEAST ASIAN CONTAINERISED MARITIME LOGISTICS: SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION, COLLABORATIVE ADVANTAGE AND PERFORMANCE by YOUNG-JOON SEO A thesis submitted to the Plymouth University of in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY International Shipping and Logistics Group Plymouth Graduate School of Management September 2014 i Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. Signed……………………………………. Young-Joon Seo ii ABSTRACT This thesis aims to develop and validate the dimensions of supply chain collaboration and collaborative advantage in the containerised maritime industry and explores the impact of supply chain collaboration on collaborative advantage and port performance. Additionally, this thesis tests a mediation effect of collaborative advantage on the relationship between supply chain collaboration and port performance. This thesis employs a quantitative method. A theoretical model is built based on thorough literature reviews of supply chain management and maritime studies, in-depth discussions with experts, item review and Q-sorting techniques to signify ambiguity or misunderstanding with the scales and to suggest modifications. The proposed model is empirically tested with survey data using 178 responses from terminal operators, shipping lines, inland transport companies, freight forwarders, ship management companies and third-party logistics providers involved in maritime logistics in the major containers ports of Busan, Gwangyang and Incheon for a comprehensive and balanced view by using structural equation modelling. With regard to the findings of the empirical research, three main constructs were successfully validated as multi-dimensional constructs. The structural paths support hypotheses that supply chain collaboration has a positive influence on collaborative advantage, and collaborative advantage has a strong contribution to port performance. However, the direct impact of supply chain collaboration on port performance is insignificant. A hierarchical approach of the mediation test and bootstrapping test found that the association between supply chain collaboration and port performance is fully mediated by collaborative advantage. In other words, the greater degree of supply chain collaboration between the port and port user enables them to gain a higher degree of collaborative advantage, and, in turn, this collaborative advantage can contribute to augmenting port performance. This thesis synthesises transaction cost theory, resource based theory and a relational view to explain how supply chain collaboration influences collaborative advantage and port performance. Its theoretical contribution expands the concept of supply chain collaboration and collaborative advantage into containerised maritime contexts, capturing the perspective of the ports and port users. Further, despite numerous maritime studies which extol the importance of collaboration between the ports and port users, no systematic approach has previously developed and validated those constructs and relationships. The various maritime logistics organisations would benefit from applying the results of this study to their supply chain collaboration practices when seeking greater collaborative advantage. The results heed practitioners in containerised maritime logistics organisations to focus on balancing the facets of supply chain collaboration to transport flows of containers seamlessly and efficiently from door-to-door, as supply chain management philosophy drives the maritime logistics industry to become more integrated into shippers’ supply chains. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ................................................................................ II ABSTRACT………… ......................................................................................... III LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ XIV AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ......................................................................... XVIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. XX CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Research background ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Research objective ................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research methodology .......................................................................... 6 1.4 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................ 8 1.5 Summary ............................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2. CHANGING ENVIRONMENT OF MARITIME INDUSTRIES AND GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS .................................................................... 12 2.1 Growth in world trade ........................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Globalisation ................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Recent developments in containerisation ...................................... 13 2.2 Demands for container port facilities .................................................... 15 2.2.1 Increasing global demand for container ports ............................... 16 2.2.2 Demand for container ports in South Korea .................................. 17 2.3 Changes in the maritime industry ........................................................ 17 2.3.1 Changes in liner shipping structure ............................................... 18 2.3.2 Changes in the port industry ......................................................... 20 2.3.3 Port coopetition ............................................................................. 24 2.3.3.1 Port cooperation ..................................................................... 25 2.3.3.2 Port competition ...................................................................... 32 2.4 The role of maritime transport and logistics in global supply chains .... 39 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................. 43 iv CHAPTER 3. SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION, COLLABORATIVE ADVANTAGE AND PORT PERFORMANCE IN CONTAINERISED MARITIME LOGISTICS………. ........................................................................................... 44 3.1 Theoretical paradigms ......................................................................... 44 3.1.1 Transaction cost theory ................................................................. 45 3.1.2 Resource based theory ................................................................. 46 3.1.3 Relational view .............................................................................. 49 3.2 Supply chain collaboration ................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Supply chain management and supply chain collaboration ........... 51 3.2.2 The characteristics of supply chain collaboration .......................... 59 3.2.3 Benefits and barriers of supply chain collaboration ....................... 63 3.2.4 Components of supply chain collaboration .................................... 67 3.2.5 The rising adoption of supply chain management in a maritime logistics context .......................................................................................... 74 3.2.6 Collaboration amongst maritime logistics organisations within a port…………. .............................................................................................. 80 3.2.7 Supply chain collaboration in containerised maritime logistics ...... 88 3.3 Collaborative advantage ...................................................................... 91 3.3.1 Definition of collaborative advantage............................................. 92 3.3.2 The antecedents of collaborative advantage ................................. 98 3.3.3 Difficulties in achieving collaborative advantage ......................... 101 3.3.4 The components of collaborative advantage ............................... 103 3.3.5 Collaborative advantage in containerised maritime logistics ....... 104 3.4 Port performance ............................................................................... 107 3.4.1 The characteristics of port performance ...................................... 107 3.4.2 The components of port performance ......................................... 110 3.5 Summary ........................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 4. CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND HYPOTHESES ..................... 117 4.1 Conceptual model and hypotheses .................................................... 117 4.2 Latent variables and observed variables............................................ 124 4.2.1 Observed and latent variables of supply chain collaboration ....... 125 4.2.2 Observed and latent variables of collaborative advantage .......... 138 4.2.3 Observed and latent variables of port performance..................... 143 4.3 Summary ........................................................................................... 151 v CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ..................... 152 5.1 Research design process .................................................................. 152 5.2 Data collection method ...................................................................... 156 5.3 Questionnaire design ......................................................................... 159 5.4 Sampling design ................................................................................ 174 5.5 Validity and reliability of measurement............................................... 179 5.5.1 Validity ......................................................................................... 179 5.5.1.1 Content validity ..................................................................... 180 5.5.1.2 Convergent validity ............................................................... 181 5.5.1.3 Discriminant validity .............................................................. 181 5.5.1.4 Unidimensionality .................................................................. 182 5.5.2 Reliability ..................................................................................... 183 5.6 Data analysis technique ..................................................................... 185 5.6.1 What is structural equation modelling? ........................................ 185 5.6.2 Advantages of SEM ..................................................................... 186 5.6.3 SEM procedure steps .................................................................. 187 5.7 Summary ........................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER 6. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ................................................... 196 6.1 Response rate, non-response bias and common method variance ... 196 6.2 Survey respondents profile ................................................................ 199 6.2.1 Detailed characteristics of respondents ....................................... 201 6.2.1.1 Terminal operators ................................................................ 201 6.2.1.2 Port users ............................................................................. 202 6.3 Descriptive statistics .......................................................................... 207 6.3.1 Descriptive statistics for SCC ...................................................... 207 6.3.1.1 Overall statistics for SCC ...................................................... 208 6.3.1.2 Comparisons between ports for SCC ................................... 209 6.3.1.3 Comparisons between ports and port users for SCC ............ 210 6.3.2 Descriptive statistics for CA ......................................................... 212 6.3.2.1 Overall statistics for CA ........................................................ 213 6.3.2.2 Comparison between ports for CA ........................................ 213 6.3.2.3 Comparison between ports and port users for CA ................ 214 6.3.3 Descriptive statistics for PP ......................................................... 216 6.3.3.1 Overall statistics for PP ......................................................... 217 vi 6.3.3.2 Comparison between ports for PP ........................................ 217 6.3.3.3 Comparison between ports and port users for PP ................ 219 6.4 Summary ........................................................................................... 221 CHAPTER 7. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ....................................................... 223 7.1 Data preparation ................................................................................ 223 7.1.1 Multivariate normality .................................................................. 224 7.1.2 Outliers ........................................................................................ 225 7.1.3 Missing data ................................................................................ 226 7.2 Item and scale purification: exploratory factor analysis ...................... 227 7.2.1 Identifying the factor structure ..................................................... 228 7.3 Measurement model .......................................................................... 232 7.3.1 Criteria for assessing measurement model ................................. 233 7.3.1.1 Overall model fit and unidimensionality ................................ 233 7.3.1.2 Scale reliability ...................................................................... 234 7.3.1.3 Convergent validity ............................................................... 235 7.3.1.4 Discriminant validity .............................................................. 235 7.3.2 Measurement model for supply chain collaboration .................... 236 7.3.2.1 First-order measurement model for SCC .............................. 236 7.3.2.2 Second-order measurement model for SCC ......................... 242 7.3.2.3 Five models in the confirmatory factor analysis for SCC ...... 245 7.3.3 Measurement model for collaborative advantage ........................ 247 7.3.3.1 First-order measurement model for CA ................................ 247 7.3.3.2 Second-order measurement model for CA ........................... 250 7.3.3.3 Five models in the confirmatory factor analysis for CA ......... 252 7.3.4 Measurement model for port performance .................................. 254 7.3.4.1 First-order measurement model for PP ................................. 254 7.3.4.2 Second-order measurement model for PP ........................... 259 7.3.4.3 Five models in the confirmatory factor analysis for PP ......... 261 7.4 Structural model ................................................................................. 264 7.4.1 Structural equation modelling ...................................................... 264 7.4.2 Further structural models with first-order SCC and PP ................ 267 7.4.3 Further structural models with first-order of CA ........................... 269 7.4.4 Structural model with second-order factors focusing on mediation…………………….. ................................................................... 272 vii 7.5 Summary ........................................................................................... 288 CHAPTER 8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...................................... 290 8.1 Research findings .............................................................................. 290 8.1.1 Research question 1: major activities and dimensions of SCC ... 292 8.1.2 Research question 2: dimensions of CA and PP in the containerised maritime context ................................................................. 294 8.1.3 Hypotheses testing ...................................................................... 297 8.1.3.1 Impact of SCC on CA: research question 3 .......................... 297 8.1.3.2 Impact of CA on PP: research question 4 ............................. 299 8.1.3.3 Impact of SCC on PP: research question 5 .......................... 300 8.2 Implications ........................................................................................ 301 8.2.1 Contribution to theories ............................................................... 302 8.2.2 Theoretical implications ............................................................... 303 8.2.3 Managerial implications ............................................................... 313 8.3 Limitations and recommendation for the future research ................... 318 8.4 Summary ........................................................................................... 319 APPENDIX A. QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................... 360 APPENDIX B. NON-RESPONSE BIAS TEST ................................................ 381 APPENDIX C. THE DETAILED PROFILES OF RESPONDENTS .................. 388 APPENDIX D-1. LEVENE’S TESTS FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCES FOR SCC IN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PORTS AND PORT USERS ................. 393 APPENDIX D-2. LEVENE’S TESTS FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCES FOR CA IN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PORTS AND PORT USERS ......................... 396 APPENDIX D-3. LEVENE’S TESTS FOR EQUALITY OF VARIANCES FOR PP IN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PORTS AND PORT USERS ......................... 398 APPENDIX E. ASSESSMENT OF NORMALITY ............................................ 401 APPENDIX F. MAHALANOBIS D2 DISTANCE TEST .................................... 403 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The structure of this thesis ............................................................... 10 Figure 2.1 Generic activities of port cooperation ............................................... 28 Figure 2.2 Traditional versus current port competition ...................................... 35 Figure 2.3 Scope and potential for ports to develop beyond a maritime logistics centre ................................................................................................................ 41 Figure 3.1 The key transition from open-market negotiations to collaboration .. 55 Figure 3.2 Types of relationships ...................................................................... 61 Figure 3.3 Three key source of collaborative advantage .................................. 99 Figure 3.4 Collaborative advantage through supply chain collaboration ......... 107 Figure 4.1 A conceptual model for this study .................................................. 118 Figure 5.1 The research ‘onion’ in this research ............................................. 156 Figure 5.2 Types of questionnaire ................................................................... 157 Figure 5.3 Procedure for developing a questionnaire ..................................... 162 Figure 5.4 Six-stage process for SEM ............................................................ 188 Figure 6.1 Comparison between three ports for SCC ..................................... 210 Figure 6.2 Comparison between ports (TOs) and port users for SCC ............ 212 Figure 6.3 Comparison between three ports for CA ........................................ 214 Figure 6.4 Comparison between ports (TOs) and port users for CA ............... 216 Figure 6.5 Comparison between three ports for PP ........................................ 219 Figure 6.6 Comparison between ports (TOs) and port users for PP ............... 221 Figure 7.1 First-order factors of SCC .............................................................. 238 Figure 7.2 Second-order factors of SCC ......................................................... 243 Figure 7.3 Five models for SCC ...................................................................... 246 Figure 7.4 First-order factors of CA ................................................................. 248 Figure 7.5 Second-order factors of CA ........................................................... 251 Figure 7.6 Five models for CA ........................................................................ 253 Figure 7.7 First-order factors of PP ................................................................. 256 Figure 7.8 Second-order factors of PP ............................................................ 260 Figure 7.9 Five models for PP......................................................................... 263 Figure 7.10 Structural model with second-order factors .................................. 266 Figure 7.11 Structural model with first-order factors of SCC and PP .............. 268 Figure 7.12 Structural model with first-order factors of CC ............................. 271 Figure 7.13 Direct model 1 .............................................................................. 274 ix Figure 7.14 Direct model 2 .............................................................................. 276 Figure 7.15 Direct model 3 .............................................................................. 278 Figure 7.16 Model 4 ........................................................................................ 281 Figure 7.17 Model 5 ........................................................................................ 283 x

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and explores the impact of supply chain collaboration on collaborative advantage . The role of maritime transport and logistics in global supply chains . 39. 2.5 Strategizing, economizing, and economic organization. Strategic
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