Supplemental Irrigation in the Near East and North Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation. ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7–9 December, 1987 PDF
Preview Supplemental Irrigation in the Near East and North Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation. ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7–9 December, 1987
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN THE NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Supplemental Irrigation in the Near East and North Africa Proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation. ICARDA and FAD, Rabat, Morocco, 7-9 December, 1987 Edited by E.R. PERRIER and A.B. SALKINI The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria Consultant editor C.F. WARD The Institute of Irrigation Studies, University of Southampton, England Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplementary Irrigation (1987 Rabat. MoroccoJ Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplementary Irrigation. ICARDA and FAD. Rabat. Morocco. 7-9 December. 1987 I [edited] by Eugene R. Perrier and Abdul Bari Salkini. p. cm. Inc 1u des index. ISBN 978-94-010-5676-2 ISBN 978-94-011-3766-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3766-9 1. Supplemental irrigation--Congresses. 2. Supplemental irrigation--Middle East--Congresses. 3. Supplemental irrigation- -Africa, North--Congresses. I. Perrier. Eugene R. II. Salkini. Abdul Bari. 1942- III. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas. IV. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. V. Title. S619.S96W67 1987 333.91'3'0956--dc20 90-48008 ISBN 978-94-010-5676-2 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved @1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 No part ofthe material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owners. Table of Contents Prologue XVll Foreword xix List of National Scientists Contributing Papers xxi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 3 IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY 3 Definitions of Irrigation Technologies 3 Selection of an Irrigation Method 5 Techniques For Supplemental Irrigation 5 Drainage of Supplemental Irrigation Lands 10 Concepts of Irrigation Technology 10 BOOK ORGANIZATION 12 Chapter 2 SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 15 Potential for Agricultural Modernization 16 Logic of Inquiry 18 A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY 24 Activity Paradigm 24 Computer-Aided Planning and Design 28 ADDENDUM 2A: RESEARCH PLOT DESIGNS 29 Chapter 3 WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS 39 Precipitation 40 Effective Rainfall 41 Evaporation 42 Evapotranspiration 44 Supplemental Irrigation Methods 45 Water Balance 45 v vi PROBABILITY ANALYSIS 58 Analytical Method 59 Graphical Method 65 ADDENDUM 3A: PENMAN'S EQUATION 67 ADDENDUM 3B: BASIC WATER BALANCE CALCULATION 70 ADDENDUM 3c: BASIC PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS 74 Chapter 4 REGIONAL APPUCATION OF WATER BALANCE METHODS 79 General Application of Water Balance 83 Water Requirements 86 Phenology of Cereals 88 Method for Determining Growth Stages of Cereals 88 Chapter 5 SOIL WATER RELATIONSHIPS 97 Soil Texture 97 Soil Structure 100 Bulk Density 100 Soil Porosity 104 Chapter 6 MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS 107 Saturated Flow 109 Unsaturated Flow 113 Capillarity 113 Soil Moisture Characteristic Curve 114 Units of Potential 115 Chapter 7 DARCY EQUATION 117 Field Capacity 118 Wilting Point 120 Available Water 120 Chapter 8 SOIL WATER MEASUREMENT 123 Gravimetric Method 123 Tensiometer Method 124 Neutron Probe Method 126 Gypsum Blocks 129 Other Techniques 130 Chapter 9 INFILTRATION 133 vii Infiltration on Crusting Soils 134 Techniques to Improve Infiltration 135 Factors Affecting Infiltration 138 Approaches to Infiltration 138 Green and Ampt Equation 142 Units of Infiltration 144 Chapter 10 FlEW MEASUREMENI' OF INFILTRATION 145 Single Ring Infiltrometers 145 Double Ring Infiltrometers 146 Ponding Basins 151 Furrow Method of Infiltration Measurement 151 Blocked Furrow Infiltrometer 152 Infiltration Calculations 153 Chapter 11 GROUNDWATER SUPPLY 155 GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE 155 Locating Groundwater 155 Groundwater Terminology 156 Aquifer Terminology 158 Age and Origins of Groundwater 162 WELLS 164 Cone of Depression 166 Methods of Well Construction 167 Life Expectancy of Wells and Pumps 171 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION 171 GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION AND DELIVERY 173 Pumping Using Suction 173 Pressure and Head 174 Flow and Lift 175 Chapter 12 WATER QUALITY, IRRIGATION MEASUREMENT AND EFFICIENCY 177 Quality of Water for Supplemental Irrigation 177 Determination of Water Quantity for Irrigation 178 Irrigation Efficiency 181 Micro-Irrigation 187 Chapter 13 LAND LEVEUNG AND SlMPUSTIC SURVEYING 191 Equipment 191 Survey of the Land Surface 193 Measurement of Horizontal Distances 198 viii Chapter 14 ECONOMICS OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 203 ECONOMIC APPRAISAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION PROJECTS 204 Purpose 204 Identification of Relevant Benefits and Costs 205 Financial Analysis 206 Economic Analysis 210 Sensitivity and Risk Analysis 216 FARM LEVEL ECONOMIC PROCEDURES 217 Farm Level 217 Small Farm Budgeting 218 Cash Flow Budget 221 Partial Budgets 222 Discounting and Depreciation 224 Wells and Pumping 225 Chapter 15 EVALUATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 229 Cyclical Process for Data Acquisition 230 Application of the Working Hypothesis 230 Resolution Method for Evaluation 232 Strategies of Involvement 232 SURVEY METHODS, GENERAL INFORMATION AND FORMS 233 Survey Questionnaire for Baseline Data 234 Technical Data Collection 250 EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC METHODS OF IRRIGATION 261 Furrow Irrigation 262 Graded Border Strip Irrigation 264 Hand Move or Side-Roller Sprinkler Irrigation 266 Drip/Trickle Irrigation 273 Chapter 16 INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 279 What is the Future of Supplemental Irrigation? 279 DECISION FmLD, AN "IDEAL MODEL" FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 282 Points of Intervention for Technology Transfer 282 Linkage to Strategies of Involvement 287 Chapter 17 VERIFICATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF SPRING WHEAT 293 Characteristics of Plant Growth for Spring Wheat 294 DESIGN FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION RESEARCH, TEL HADYA, SYRIA 294 Weather Data for Tel Hadya, 1985-89 295 Results of Supplemental Irrigation Studies 298 ECONOMICS OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF SPRING WHEAT 309 ix DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 311 REFERENCES 312 Chapter 18 by Larbi Baghdali IRRIGATION OF CEREALS IN ALGERIA 315 CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD CONDITIONS 315 Agro-Climatic Zones 315 Water Resources 317 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGERIAN AGRICULTURE 318 Land Potential 318 Development of Agricultural Production 319 THE ROLE OF IRRIGATION IN AGRICULTURE 320 Structure of Irrigation Planning 320 Irrigation Methods 321 Supplemental Irrigation 321 DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 323 Areas for Intensive Cultivation 324 Areas for Extensive Cultivation 325 CONCLUSIONS 325 Chapter 19 by V.C. Krentos SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN CYPRUS 327 THE NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 327 Geographical, Morphological, and Geological features 327 Climate 328 Land Resources and Land Use 332 Water Resources and Use 335 Structure and Development of Agriculture 336 Institutional Framework 340 THE DISTRICT PERSPECTIVE: CHARACTERIZATION OF 3 DISTRICTS 343 Climatic Aspects 344 Farming Practices 345 Cropping Patterns 346 Mechanization 347 Fertilizer Use 347 Plant Protection 348 Yield Relationships 348 Livestock and Forage Production 350 Cost of Production 352 COMPARISON OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION RESOURCES AND FARMING PRACTICES IN 3 DISTRICTS 352 Demographic Information 353 Land Area and Land Use 353 Soils 353 Infrastructure and Rural Support Services 354 x Water Resources and Management 354 Irrigation Practices 356 Water Harvesting 356 Cropping Practices and Crop Production 357 Livestock Production 359 Socio-Economic Aspects 360 FUTURE POTENTIAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 361 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 362 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 363 REFERENCES 364 Chapter 20 by Hamid Siadat POTENTIAL OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN IRAN 367 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 367 Physiography 367 Climate 367 Land and Water Resources 369 STATE-OF-THE-ART OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN IRAN 369 Supplemental Irrigation 370 Water Harvesting 370 National Goals and Objectives 371 AGRICULTURAL ZONES 372 THE DISTRICT PERSPECTIVE 372 Miandorood District 373 Agh-Ghola District (south) 375 Bala-Darband (Sarab-Nilofar) District 377 Mahidasht District 379 POTENTIAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN IRAN 381 Potential Areas for Implementation 381 Potential Crops 383 Potential Yields 383 PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS 385 Economic Factors 385 Research and Training 386 Fragmentation of Land Ownership 386 Mechanization Factors 386 Agro-Ecological Constraints 387 SUMMARY 387 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 387 REFERENCES 388 Chapter 21 by Shifa'a A. Mahmood SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF IRAQ 389 IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND OBJECTIVES 389 COLLECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF DATA 390 xi PRESENT LAND AND WATER USE 392 Rainfed Farming 392 Land Ownership and Farming Practices 393 Irrigation 393 Crops 393 IRRIGATION METHODS 394 CONCLUSIONS 395 REFERENCES 396 Chapter 22 by A.A. laradat THE FARMING SYSTEMS IN JORDAN: RAINFED, WATER HARVESTING, AND SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 399 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 399 Climate 399 Land Resources 401 THE AGRICULTURE CONTEXT 401 Agriculture Zoning 401 The Agrarian Sector 402 Production Environment of the Dryland Regions 402 Supplemental Irrigation 403 Goals and Objectives of Agriculture 403 RAINFED FARMING PRACTICES 404 Sowing Operations 404 Fertilizer Use 405 Tillage 406 Weed Control 407 SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION AND WATER HARVESTING PRACTICES 408 Characterization of 5 Districts 408 WATER RESOURCES 415 Surface Water 416 Groundwater 417 PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS LIMITING SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 417 GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES IN THE DRYLAND REGIONS 418 FUTURE PLANS 420 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 420 REFERENCES 421 Chapter 23 by Saad Ahmed Al Ghariani SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION AND WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN LIBYA 425 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 425 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 429 Jabal AI-Akhdar and Surrounding Plains 429 The Jafara Plain and Surrounding Western Mountains 433 EVALUATION OF COLLECTED INFORMATION 440 The Jafara Plain 440
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