SuperSimple Chemistry: The Ultimate Bitesize Study Guide PDF
Preview SuperSimple Chemistry: The Ultimate Bitesize Study Guide
Senior editor Mani Ramaswamy Senior art editor Michelle Staples Project editors Francesco Piscitelli, Bharti Bedi US editors Jenny Wilson, Lori Hand Project art editors Jessica Tapolcai, Mary Sandberg, Heena Sharma Designer Sifat Fatima Design assistant Lauren Quinn CGI artist Adam Brackenbury Illustrator Gus Scott Managing editor Lisa Gillespie Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Producer, preproduction Andy Hilliard Senior producer Meskerem Berhane Jacket designer Akiko Kato Jackets design development manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre Art director Karen Self Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Authors Nigel Saunders, Kat Day, Iain Brand, Anna Claybourne Consultants Ian Stanbridge, Emily Wren, John Firth, Douglas Stuart First American Edition, 2020 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 Copyright © 2020 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 20 21 22 23 24 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–315038–May/2020 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-9323-1 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY [email protected] Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com Established in 1846, the Smithsonian is the world’s largest museum and research complex, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history. 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US_002-003_Imprint.indd 2 02/03/2020 16:46 s u p e r s i m p l e CHEMISTRY THE ULTIMATE BITESIZE STUDY GUIDE US_002-003_Imprint.indd 3 02/03/2020 16:47 Contents Basic Chemistry 26 Atoms 27 History of the Atom The Scientific Method 28 Electron Shells 29 Electronic Structure 10 How Science Works 30 Elements 11 Scientific Issues 31 Isotopes 12 Scientific Risk 32 Mixtures 13 Validity 33 Compounds 14 Experiment Variables 34 Formulas 15 Safe Experiments 35 Deducing Formulas 16 Equipment 36 Equations 17 Planning Experiments 37 Balancing Equations 18 Organizing Data 38 Purity 19 Math and Science 39 Formulations 20 Units of Measurement 40 Dissolving 21 Charts and Graphs 41 Grinding 22 Conclusions 42 Solubility 23 Errors and Uncertainty 43 Calculating solubility 24 Evaluations 44 Chromatography 46 Filtration 47 Evaporation 48 Crystallization 49 Simple Distillation 50 Fractional Distillation In the Laboratory US_004-008_Contents.indd 4 09/01/2020 12:30 Elements States of Matter 52 The Periodic Table 91 Solids 54 History of the Periodic Table 92 Liquids 55 Hydrogen 93 Gases 56 Metals 94 Diffusion in Liquids 58 Group 1 Physical Properties 95 Diffusion in Gases 59 Group 1 Chemical Properties 96 Changes of State 60 Group 2 97 Heating and Cooling Curves 61 Group 3 98 State Symbols and Predicting States 62 Transition Metals 64 Lanthanides 65 Actinides Nanoscience and 66 Carbon Smart Materials 67 Group 4 68 Group 5 100 Nanoparticles 69 Group 6 101 Properties of Nanoparticles 70 Group 7 102 Uses and Risks of Nanoparticles 71 Group 0 103 Thermochromic and Photochromic Pigments 104 Shape Memory Materials Structure and Bonding 105 Hydrogels 73 Ions 74 Ionic Bonding 75 Ions and the Periodic Table 76 Dot and Cross Diagrams 78 Ionic Structures 79 Ionic Properties 80 Covalent Bonding 81 Representing Covalent Bonds 82 Simple Molecules 83 Properties of Simple Molecules 84 Polymers 85 Covalent Network Solids 86 Allotropes of Carbon 87 Fullerenes 88 Metallic Bonding 89 Pure Metals and Alloys US_004-008_Contents.indd 5 09/01/2020 12:30 Quantitative Chemistry The Chemistry of Acids 107 Relative Formula Mass 130 The pH Scale 108 Using the Percentage Mass Formula 132 Acids 109 Moles 133 Bases 110 Mole Calculations 134 Indicators 111 Conservation of Mass 135 Neutralization 112 Changing Mass 136 Titrations 113 Moles and Equations 137 Strong and Weak Acids 114 Balancing Equations Using Masses 138 Dilute and Concentrated Acids 115 Limiting Reactants 139 Reactions with Bases 116 Calculating Masses in Reactions 140 Reactions with Metal Carbonates 117 The Volume of Gas 141 Making Insoluble Salts 118 Empirical Formulas 142 Making Soluble Salts 119 A Reacting Masses Experiment 120 Calculating the Reacting Mass 121 Water of Crystallization Metals and Their Reactivity 122 Calculating Water of Crystallization 123 Concentration 144 The Reactivity Series 124 Titration Calculations 145 Reactions with Acids 125 Atom Economy 146 Reactions with Water 126 The Advantages of Atom Economy 147 Reactions with Steam 127 Percentage Yield 148 Extracting Metals with Carbon 128 100% Yield 149 Redox Reactions 150 Group 7 Displacement Reactions 151 Ionic Equations 152 Metal Displacement Reactions 153 Electrolysis 154 Extracting Metals with Electrolysis 155 Half Equations 156 Extracting Aluminum in Industry 157 Electrolysis of Water 158 Electrolysis Experiments 159 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions 160 Electroplating US_004-008_Contents.indd 6 09/01/2020 12:30 Energy Changes Organic Chemistry 162 Chemical Reactions 198 Organic Compounds 163 Combustion 199 Naming Organic Compounds 164 Oxidation 200 Hydrocarbons 165 Thermal Decomposition 201 Alkane Properties 166 Exothermic Reactions 202 Hydrocarbon Combustion 167 Endothermic Reactions 203 Crude Oil 168 Energy Transfer: Solutions 204 Fractional Distillation 169 Energy Transfer: Combustion 206 Cracking 170 Exothermic Reaction Profiles 207 Cracking Paraffin 171 Endothermic Reaction Profiles 208 Alkenes 172 Calculating Energy Changes 209 Addition Reactions 173 Simple Voltaic Cells 210 Isomers 174 Voltaic Cells 211 Combustion of Alkenes 175 Batteries 212 Testing for Alkenes 176 Fuel Cells 213 Addition Polymers 177 Inside a Fuel Cell 214 Representing Addition Polymers 215 Alcohols 216 Properties of Alcohols The Rate and Extent of 217 Uses of Ethanol Chemical Change 218 The Production of Ethanol 219 Carboxylic Acids 179 Rates of Reaction 220 Carboxylic Acid Reactions 180 Collision Theory 221 Esters 181 Reaction Rates and Temperature 222 Condensation Polymers 182 Reaction Rates and Concentration 223 Polyesters and Polyamides 183 Reaction Rates and Surface Area 224 DNA 184 Reaction Rates and Catalysts 225 Proteins 185 Rate of Reaction Graphs 226 Carbohydrates 186 Reaction Rates and the Volume of Gas 227 Hydrolysis of Polymers 187 Reaction Rates and Changes in Mass 188 Reaction Rates and Precipitation 189 Reaction Rates and Acid Concentration 190 Calculating Reaction Rates 191 Reversible Reactions 192 Equilibrium 193 Energy Transfer in Reversible Reactions 194 Equilibrium and Temperature 195 Equilibrium and Pressure 196 Equilibrium and Concentration US_004-008_Contents.indd 7 09/01/2020 12:30 Chemical Analysis Using Resources 229 Testing for Oxygen 258 Ceramics 230 Testing for Carbon Dioxide 259 Composites 231 Testing for Hydrogen 260 Synthetic Polymers 232 Testing for Cations Flame Tests 261 Making Polymers 233 Testing for Cations Precipitation Reactions 262 Alloys 234 Testing for Anions Carbonates and Sulfates 263 Sustainability 235 Testing for Anions Halides and Nitrates 264 Corrosion 236 Testing for Chlorine 265 Preventing Corrosion 237 Testing for Water 266 Finite Resources 238 Flame Emission Spectroscopy 267 Renewable Resources 239 Interpreting Spectroscopy Charts 268 Recycling 269 Life Cycle Assessment 270 Potable Water Chemistry of the Earth 271 Seawater 272 Wastewater 241 Earth’s Structure 273 Treating Wastewater 242 Tectonic Plates 274 The Haber Process 243 Rocks 275 Reaction Conditions 244 The Rock Cycle 276 Fertilizers 245 The Atmosphere 277 Producing Fertilizers 246 Measuring Oxygen 247 The Carbon Cycle 278 Glossary 248 The Greenhouse Effect 282 Index 249 Human Activity 288 Acknowledgments 250 Global Warming 251 Carbon Footprints 252 Carbon Capture 253 Nuclear Energy 254 Air Pollution 255 Pollution Problems 256 Acid Rain US_004-008_Contents.indd 8 09/01/2020 12:30 The Scientific Method US_009_The_Scientific_Method_CO.indd 9 09/01/2020 12:30 10 The Scientific Method How Science Works Key Facts Scientists want to explain how and why things ✓ Scientists have a testable idea happen using facts—such as what happens when called a hypothesis. two elements react together, or when atoms bond. ✓ Scientists predict what may They do this by thinking logically in a step-by-step happen during an experiment. process called the scientific method. This method ✓ If a hypothesis is supported by an is used in all fields of science, including chemistry, experiment’s conclusion, it is biology, and physics. accepted as fact. ✓ Scientists present their discoveries, however the media may present their own theories on the same 1. Observation subject in a different way. Scientists study something that they don’t understand. 2. Making a hypothesis 9. Publication Scientists ask a question A scientist’s results may about what they are be published in observing. scientific journals publicly. The media may also share the results with bias ? (leaning toward a certain perspective). 3. Making 8. Refining predictions Scientists predict experiments an answer to the If the data doesn’t question. answer the question, scientists may change and repeat the experiment to find out 7. Peer review why that may be. Other scientists decide whether they feel the data answers the question. 6. Drawing conclusions Scientists decide whether they feel their data answers their question (see 4. Planning page 22). experiments Scientists plan 5. Collecting data experiments (see page 17) Scientists gather to test their hypothesis. their data as evidence for their hypothesis. US_010_How_science_works.indd 10 10/01/2020 15:40
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