SuperSimple Chemistry PDF
Preview SuperSimple Chemistry
Senior editor Mani Ramaswamy Senior art editor Michelle Staples Project editors Francesco Piscitelli, Bharti Bedi Project art editors Jessica Tapolcai, Mary Sandberg, Heena Sharma Designer Sifat Fatima Design assistant Lauren Quinn CGI artist Adam Brackenbury Illustrator Gus Scott Picture researcher Aditya Katyal Managing editor Lisa Gillespie Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Producer, pre-production Andy Hilliard Senior producer Meskerem Berhane Jacket designer Akiko Kato Jackets design development manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre Art director Karen Self Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Authors Nigel Saunders, Kat Day, Iain Brand, Anna Claybourne Consultants Ian Stanbridge, Emily Wren, John Firth First published in Great Britain in 2020 by Dorling Kindersley Limited 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL Copyright © 2020 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Random House Company 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–315038–May/2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-2413-9045-0 Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com 002-003_Imprint.indd 2 28/02/2020 16:56 THE ULTIMATE BITESIZE STUDY GUIDE CHEMISTRY supersimple Contents The scientific method 10 How science works 11 Scientific issues 12 Scientific risk 13 Validity 14 Experiment variables 15 Safe experiments 16 Equipment 17 Planning experiments 18 Organizing data 19 Maths and science 20 Units of measurement 21 Charts and graphs 22 Conclusions 23 Errors and uncertainty 24 Evaluations Basic chemistry 26 Atoms 27 History of the atom 28 Electron shells 29 Electronic structure 30 Elements 31 Isotopes 32 Mixtures 33 Compounds 34 Formulae 35 Deducing formulae 36 Equations 37 Balancing equations 38 Purity 39 Formulations 40 Dissolving 41 Grinding 42 Solubility 43 Calculating solubility 44 Chromatography 46 Filtration 47 Evaporation 48 Crystallization 49 Simple distillation 50 Fractional distillation In the laboratory 004-008_Contents.indd 4 09/01/2020 12:09 Elements 52 The periodic table 54 History of the periodic table 55 Hydrogen 56 Metals 58 Group 1 Physical properties 59 Group 1 Chemical properties 60 Group 2 61 Group 3 62 Transition metals 64 Lanthanides 65 Actinides 66 Carbon 67 Group 4 68 Group 5 69 Group 6 70 Group 7 71 Group 0 Structure and bonding 73 Ions 74 Ionic bonding 75 Ions and the periodic table 76 Dot and cross diagrams 78 Ionic structures 79 Ionic properties 80 Covalent bonding 81 Representing covalent bonds 82 Simple molecules 83 Properties of simple molecules 84 Polymers 85 Giant covalent structures 86 Allotropes of carbon 87 Fullerenes 88 Metallic bonding 89 Pure metals and alloys States of matter 91 Solids 92 Liquids 93 Gases 94 Diffusion in liquids 95 Diffusion in gases 96 Changes of state 97 Heating and cooling curves 98 State symbols, and predicting states Nanoscience and smart materials 100 Nanoparticles 101 Properties of nanoparticles 102 Uses and risks of nanoparticles 103 Thermochromic and photochromic pigments 104 Shape memory materials 105 Hydrogels 004-008_Contents.indd 5 09/01/2020 12:09 Quantitative chemistry 107 Relative formula mass 108 Using the percentage mass formula 109 Moles 110 Mole calculations 111 Conservation of mass 112 Changing mass 113 Moles and equations 114 Balancing equations using masses 115 Limiting reactants 116 Calculating masses in reactions 117 The volume of gas 118 Empirical formulae 119 A reacting masses experiment 120 Calculating the reacting mass 121 Water of crystallization 122 Calculating water of crystallization 123 Concentration 124 Titration calculations 125 Atom economy 126 The advantages of atom economy 127 Percentage yield 128 100% yield The chemistry of acids 130 The pH scale 132 Acids 133 Bases 134 Indicators 135 Neutralization 136 Titrations 137 Strong and weak acids 138 Dilute and concentrated acids 139 Reactions with bases 140 Reactions with metal carbonates 141 Making insoluble salts 142 Making soluble salts Metals and their reactivity 144 The reactivity series 145 Reactions with acids 146 Reactions with water 147 Reactions with steam 148 Extracting metals with carbon 149 Redox reactions 150 Group 7 displacement reactions 151 Ionic equations 152 Metal displacement reactions 153 Electrolysis 154 Extracting metals with electrolysis 155 Half equations 156 Extracting aluminium in industry 157 Electrolysis of water 158 Electrolysis experiments 159 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions 160 Electroplating 004-008_Contents.indd 6 09/01/2020 12:09 Energy changes 162 Chemical reactions 163 Combustion 164 Oxidation 165 Thermal decomposition 166 Exothermic reactions 167 Endothermic reactions 168 Energy transfer: solutions 169 Energy transfer: combustion 170 Exothermic reaction profiles 171 Endothermic reaction profiles 172 Calculating energy changes 173 Simple voltaic cells 174 Voltaic cells 175 Batteries 176 Fuel cells 177 Inside a fuel cell The rate and extent of chemical change 179 Rates of reaction 180 Collision theory 181 Reaction rates and temperature 182 Reaction rates and concentration 183 Reaction rates and surface area 184 Reaction rates and catalysts 185 Rate of reaction graphs 186 Reaction rates and the volume of gas 187 Reaction rates and changes in mass 188 Reaction rates and precipitation 189 Reaction rates and acid concentration 190 Calculating reaction rates 191 Reversible reactions 192 Equilibrium 193 Energy transfer in reversible reactions 194 Equilibrium and temperature 195 Equilibrium and pressure 196 Equilibrium and concentration Organic chemistry 198 Organic compounds 199 Naming organic compounds 200 Hydrocarbons 201 Alkane properties 202 Hydrocarbon combustion 203 Crude oil 204 Fractional distillation 206 Cracking 207 Cracking paraffin 208 Alkenes 209 Addition reactions 210 Isomers 211 The combustion of alkenes 212 Testing for alkenes 213 Addition polymers 214 Representing addition polymers 215 Alcohols 216 Properties of alcohols 217 Uses of ethanol 218 The production of ethanol 219 Carboxylic acids 220 Carboxylic acid reactions 221 Esters 222 Condensation polymers 223 Polyesters and polyamides 224 DNA 225 Proteins 226 Carbohydrates 227 Hydrolysis of polymers 004-008_Contents.indd 7 09/01/2020 12:09 Chemical analysis 229 Testing for oxygen 230 Testing for carbon dioxide 231 Testing for hydrogen 232 Testing for cations Flame tests 233 Testing for cations Precipitation reactions 234 Testing for anions Carbonates and sulfates 235 Testing for anions Halides and nitrates 236 Testing for chlorine 237 Testing for water 238 Flame emission spectroscopy 239 Interpreting spectroscopy charts Chemistry of the Earth 241 Earth’s structure 242 Tectonic plates 243 Rocks 244 The rock cycle 245 The atmosphere 246 Measuring oxygen 247 The carbon cycle 248 The greenhouse effect 249 Human activity 250 Global warming 251 Carbon footprints 252 Carbon capture 253 Nuclear energy 254 Air pollution 255 Pollution problems 256 Acid rain Using resources 258 Ceramics 259 Composites 260 Synthetic polymers 261 Making polymers 262 Alloys 263 Sustainability 264 Corrosion 265 Preventing corrosion 266 Finite resources 267 Renewable resources 268 Recycling 269 Life cycle assessment 270 Potable water 271 Seawater 272 Waste water 273 Treating waste water 274 The Haber process 275 Reaction conditions 276 Fertilizers 277 Producing fertilizers 278 Glossary 282 Index 288 Acknowledgements 004-008_Contents.indd 8 09/01/2020 12:09 The scientific method 009_The_Scientific_Method_CO.indd 9 09/01/2020 12:09 The scientific method 10 How science works Scientists want to explain how and why things happen using facts – such as what happens when two elements react together, or when atoms bond. They do this by thinking logically in a step-by-step process called the scientific method. This method is used in all fields of science, including chemistry, biology, and physics. 1. Observation Scientists study something that they don’t understand. 7. Peer review Other scientists decide whether they feel the data answers the question. 8. Refining experiments If the data doesn’t answer the question, scientists may change and repeat the experiment to find out why that may be. 9. Publication A scientist’s results may be published in scientific journals publicly. The media may also share the results with bias (leaning towards a certain perspective). 2. Making a hypothesis Scientists ask a question about what they are observing. 3. Making predictions Scientists predict an answer to the question. 4. Planning experiments Scientists plan experiments (see page 17) to test their hypothesis. 5. Collecting data Scientists gather their data as evidence for their hypothesis. 6. Drawing conclusions Scientists decide whether they feel their data answers their question (see page 22). Key facts ✓ Scientists have a testable idea called a hypothesis. ✓ Scientists predict what may happen during an experiment. ✓ If a hypothesis is supported by an experiment’s conclusion, it is accepted as fact. ✓ Scientists present their discoveries, however the media may present their own theories on the same subject in a different way. ? 010_How_science_works.indd 10 10/01/2020 15:29
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