Superconducting Machines and Devices: Large Systems Applications PDF
Preview Superconducting Machines and Devices: Large Systems Applications
Superconducting Machines and Devices Large Systems Applications NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, as sembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Series B: Physics Volume 1 - Super conducting Machines and Devices edited by S. Foner and B. B. Schwartz Volume 2 - Elementary Excitations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms (Parts A and B) edited by J. Devreese Volume 3 - Photon Correlation and light Beating Spectroscopy edited by H. Z. Cummins and E. R. Pike The series is published by an international board of publishers in con junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company Social Sciences Leiden E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing Leiden Superconducting Machines and Devices Large Systems Applications Edited by Simon Foner and Brian B. Schwartz Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory M. I. T. Cambridge, Massachusetts PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute, Entreves, Italy, 1973. Superconducting machines and devices. (The NATO Advanced Study Institutes series (Series B: Physics, v. 1» Lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Entreves, Italy, Sept. 5-14, 1973. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Superconductors-Congresses. 2. Superconductivity-Congresses. I. Foner, Simon, ed. II. Schwartz, Brian B., 1938- ed. III. Title. IV. Series. TK7872.S8NI8 1973 621.39 74-624 ISBN 978-1-4684-2786-8 ISBN 978-1-4684-2784-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-2784-4 The Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory is sponsored by the National Science Foundation Lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Entreves, Italy, September 5-14, 1973 © 1974 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE This book presents detailed discussions of several of the large scale applications of superconductivity which will have major economic impact on technical developments in the industrial world. The world wide concern with energy problems makes this work particularly timely. Some of the large scale devices and systems such as superconducting generators, motors, power transmission, large magnets, high speed ground transportation and industrial processing clearly speak directly to improved efficiencies of generation and utilization of energy. The articles treat each subject in depth. The text is suitable for advanced undergradu ate or graduate engineering or applied science courses. The text should also be of immediate use to practicing engineers and scientists in applied superconductivity. The unique summaries of national efforts in applied superconductivity will also be valuable to industrial and government plan ners. The book is based on a NATO Advanced Study Institute entitled, "Large Scale Applications of Superconductivity and Magnetism" which was held September 5 to 14 in the Hotel des Alpes, Entreves, Valle d'Aosta, Northern Italy. This Study Institute represented a departure from other NA TO Advanced Study Institutes in that it was very strongly directed toward engineering applications rather than purely scientifically oriented interests. The planning of this Institute developed over several years and would not have been possible without continued interest by several key NATO Scientific Mfairs Division scientists. It started when one of us (S. F. ) met with Dr. H. Arnth -J ensen of the NATO Scientific Mfairs Division at a Conference on High Magnetic Fields in Nottingham in 1969. In early 1971, Dr. Arnth-Jensen in several communications asked whether it would be reasonable to consider an Institute which dealt with the prob lems of applications of high magnetic fields to practical systems, and whether it would be appropriate to develop an international forum on this matter. We were faced with a number of unusual problems concerning this Institute because we recognized that in order for it to be successful, it would require involvement of the industrial engineering community. Furthermore, scheduling would depend on completion of tests of some devices going on-line. Mter Dr. Arnth-Jensen left NATO, we continued v vi PREFACE correspondence with Dr. E. Kovach, and later Dr. T. Kester of the NA TO Scientific Affairs Division. The developments of some of the large superconducting systems were sufficiently far advanced that at the Applied Superconductivity Conference in Annapolis, Maryland in May 1972 we re ceived assurances from several of the proposed principal speakers and members of our International Advisory Committee that this Institute would be timely and valuable. The lectures at the Institute provided reviews of the major tech nical developments in large applied superconductivity programs. In all cases the lecturers were outstanding scientists and engineers in the fore front of their respective fields. The first seven chapters in this book are review articles devoted to these main lectures. The review articles are extensive and go beyond the lectures presented at the Institute. These chapters cover an introduction to applied superconductivity, practical materials, large magnet systems, dc and ac machines, magnetic levita tion and power transmission. We believe that these chapters present an excellent basis for developing a research knowledge of the field of applied superconductivity. The next three chapters are shorter and are based on seminars on the hydrogen economy, superconducting computer devices and magnetic separation. They supplement the main chapters by focusing on specific problem areas. The last seven chapters of this book present a new innovation we introduced at the Institute; a series of reviews of nation al efforts of applied superconductivity programs of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. These give a good up-to-date summary of the worldwide developments in applied superconductivity and should lead to better national planning as well as to international cooperation. As with earlier chapters, the national reviews were presented by technologists in the most favorable positions to know and write about their own countries. A subject index is included to permit rapid access to all the material. The leadoff lecture given by Professor L. N. Cooper on the Theoryof Superconductivity does not appear in this volume. For a good summary we refer the reader to his Nobel Prize acceptance speech which appeared in Physics Today 26, 31 (1973). The Institute also included a number of informal seminars and technology assessment sessions. In order to main tain our very tight publication schedule, we have not included transcrip- tions of any of the informal seminars on technology assessments unless they were immediately incorporated in the texts on that subject. The development of the NATO Institute which resulted in the pres ent volume involved planning over a period of three years. We have been very fortunate in having an effective advisory committee which PREFACE vii helped us with the planning. Professor J. I. Budnick served as Assistant to the Directors. Members of the International Advisory Committee included A. D. Appleton, H. Brechna, B. Birmingham, G. Bogner, P. P. Craig, G. R. Fox, R. L. Garwin, R.A. Hein, J. Horowitz, J. K. Hulm, R. Pauthenet, C. Rizzuto, G. Sacerdoti, R. Stevenson and K. Yasukochi. In addition we had further assistance from R. H. Kropschot, E. M. Purcell and C. H. Rosner. Throughout the development of the Institute, Dr. Appleton has been extremely helpful to us. In addition to making many suggestions at various stages, he also assisted us in looking for a suitable location for the Institute. We wish to thank Drs. H. Arnth-Jensen, E. Kovach and T. Kester for their continued interest, and the NATO Science Founcil for their support of the Advanced Study Institute. We also wish to thank the General Electric Company, The National Science Foundation, and The National Research Council of Italy (C. N. R.) for their support. In addition to the lectures, the NATO Institute had approximately 95 participants from 20 countries. Members of the host country, Italy, and the Local Chairman, Professor Carlo Rizzuto did many things to make our Institute a success. We would like to thank Professor Rizzuto and his associates at the University of Genova who comprised the Local Committee, for searching out several ideal locations for the Institute and for their help with all phases of the operation of the Institute. Mr. Ballabenni and the staff at the Hotel des Alpes helped ensure a well run Institute and accommodations. We would like to thank Mr. Turchet of the Courmayeur Tourist Office, and the Aosta Valley Regional Tourist Office for help in arrangement of travel plans, evening entertainments, and two bus tours of the beautiful Aosta Valley and the Italian Alps. We also were fortunate to have two weeks of exceptionally clear, delightful weather during the Institute, as predicted by the Local Tourist Bureau. We received the utmost cooperation from all of the lecturers and students at the Institute and wish to thank them. The manuscripts were prepared by the time of the Institute and enabled us to meet our tight publication schedule. We apologize to all the lecturers for having been so demanding in keeping to our extremely short publication schedule. Without the continued dedication of each lecturer before, during, and after the Institute, we would not have succeeded. In addition to our per sonal thanks, we hope that the Institute and the present volume justifies their efforts. We would especially like to thank Edward J. McNiff, Jr., Hernan C. Praddaude and Richard Frankel for their assistance with the Institute. We also wish to thank Mary Filoso, Nancy Galvin, Jo Dean Matthews, and Elisabeth Taylor for typing and correcting the manuscripts. Mary Filoso viii PREFACE contributed to the Institute from our early correspondence to the final stages. Her continued dedication both to the Institute and this book guaranteed success. Simon Foner Brian B. Schwartz Cambridge, Massachusetts December, 1973 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: LARGE SCALE APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY J. Powell INTRODUCTION 1 ENERGY GENERATION - FUSION 5 ENERGY GENERATION - MHO 22 ENERGY STORAGE - PEAKING POWER 34 ENERGY MODIFICATION -AC AND DC GENERATORS AND MOTORS 42 ENERGY TRANSMISSION 46 A. DC Transmission 50 B. AC Transmission 55 MAGNETIC LEVITATION - HIGH SPEED GROUND TRANSPORTATION 62 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING 75 CHAPTER 2: PRACTICAL SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS D. Dew-Hughes INTRODUCTION 87 A. Applications of Type II Superconductors 87 B. Properties Required of Commercial Superconductors 89 THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE 90 A. BCS Theory 90 B. Matthias Rules 91 C. A15 Compounds 92 ix x CONTENTS THE CRITICAL FIELD 95 A. Type II Superconductivity 95 B. Paramagnetic Limitation of Upper Critical Field 98 THE CRITICAL CURRENT 102 A. Introduction 102 B. Flux Flow 104 C. The Critical State 107 D. Microstructure and Flux Pinning 108 E. Mechanisms of Flux Pinning 110 F. Maximum Critical Currents 113 STABILITY 115 A. Introduction 115 B. Criteria for Propagation of Flux Jumps 116 C. Recovery 118 D. Techniques of Stabilization 119 AC LOSSES 121 FABRICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS 122 A. Ductile Alloys 122 B. A15 Compounds 124 C. New Processess 125 COMMERCIAL SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS 126 FUTURE PROSPECTS 131 CHAPTER 3: SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS H. Brechna INTRODUCTION 139 APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS 141 EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS 145 A. Oxford University Hybrid Magnet 151 B. The MIT Hybrid Magnet 151 C. The McGill University Hybrid Magnet 153 MAGNET SYSTEMS 153 A. Axially Symmetric Magnets 156 1. Short solenoids 158 2. Long solenoids 158 3. Multipole magnets 159 SUPERCONDUCTOR STABILIZATION 166
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