Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics PDF
Preview Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics
Quantum Science and Technology Robert H. Hadfield Göran Johansson Editors Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics Quantum Science and Technology Series editors Nicolas Gisin, Geneva, Switzerland Raymond Laflamme, Waterloo, Canada Gaby Lenhart, Sophia Antipolis, France Daniel Lidar, Los Angeles, USA Gerard J. Milburn, Brisbane, Australia Masanori Ohya, Noda, Japan Arno Rauschenbeutel, Vienna, Austria Renato Renner, Zürich, Switzerland Maximilian Schlosshauer, Portland, USA H.M. Wiseman, Brisbane, Australia Aims and Scope The book series Quantum Science and Technology is dedicated to one of today’s most active and rapidly expanding fields of research and development. In particular, the series will be a showcase for the growing number of experimental implementations and practical applications of quantum systems. These will include, but are not restricted to: quantum information processing, quantum computing, and quantum simulation; quantum communication and quantum cryptography; entanglement and other quantum resources; quantum interfaces and hybrid quantum systems; quantum memories and quantum repeaters; measure- ment-based quantum control and quantum feedback; quantum nanomechanics, quantum optomechanics and quantum transducers; quantum sensing and quantum metrology;as well asquantum effects in biology. Last butnot least, the series will include books on the theoretical and mathematical questions relevant to designing and understanding these systems and devices, as well as foundational issues concerning the quantum phenomena themselves. Written and edited by leading experts,thetreatmentswillbedesignedforgraduatestudentsandotherresearchers already working in, or intending to enter the field of quantum science and technology. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10039 fi ö Robert H. Had eld G ran Johansson (cid:129) Editors Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics 123 Editors RobertH.Hadfield GöranJohansson Schoolof Engineering Microtechnology andNanoscience University of Glasgow Chalmers University of Technology Glasgow Gothenburg UK Sweden ISSN 2364-9054 ISSN 2364-9062 (electronic) QuantumScience andTechnology ISBN978-3-319-24089-3 ISBN978-3-319-24091-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24091-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015951399 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface Over the past decade, superconducting devices have risen to prominence in the arena of quantum optics and quantum information processing. Superconducting detectors provide unparalleled performance for the detection of infrared photons. These devices enable fundamental advances in quantum optics, the realization of quantumsecurecommunicationnetworks,andopenadirectroutetoon-chipoptical quantum information processing. Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions provide a blueprint for scalable quantum information processing as well as opening up a new regime for quantum optics at microwave wavelengths. We have endeavored to provide a timely compilation of contributions from top groups worldwideacrossthisdynamicfield.Thisvolumeprovidesbothanintroductionto this area of growing scientific and technological interest, and a snapshot of the global state-of-the-art. Future advances in this domain are anticipated. Part I of this volume focuses on the technology and applications of supercon- ducting single-photon detectors for near infrared wavelengths. Chapter 1 provides an authoritative introduction to superconducting nanowire single photon detectors by leading researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. The superconducting nanowire device principle is discussed in detail. Key concepts are introduced such as detection efficiency,darkcountrate,andtimingjitter.Theuseofamorphoussuperconducting materials to achieve high device yield and extended mid-infrared sensitivity is highlighted.Parallelwirearchitecturesarepresentedandanoutlookisgivenonthe scale-up to large area arrays. Chapter 2 introduces another key superconducting detector technology, the superconducting transition edge sensor. The chapter is contributed by the team at NIST,USA,whohasbeeninthevanguardofdevelopmentsinthistechnology.The device operation principle is introduced, including key considerations for maxi- mizing sensitivity for the detection of infrared photons and photon-number resolving capability. A range of important quantum optics experiments exploiting v vi Preface the unique capabilities of transition edge sensors are reviewed. Finally, the inte- gration of transition edge sensors with optical waveguide circuits is discussed. Chapter 3focusesonsuperconductingnanowire detectors integratedwithGaAs photonic circuits. The chapter is contributed by a team of authors from the Technical University of Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (CNR) Rome, Italy and the University of Bristol, UK. This approach is compatible with quantum dot single photon emitters, opening the pathway to fully integrated quantum photonic circuits. Chapter 4 reviews progress on superconducting nanowire detectors on silicon-based photon circuits. This work is contributed by researchers at Yale University, USA, and the University of Muenster, Germany. The marriage of superconducting detectors with mature planar lightwave circuits is a compelling alternative for on-chip quantum information processing. A range of technological applications are discussed, including single photon characterization of on-chip resonators and optical time domain reflectometry for long haul fiber links. Chapter5givesanoverviewofapplicationsofsuperconductingnanowiresingle photondetectorsintherealmofquantumcommunications.Thechapterisauthored by a team of researchers from the National Institute of Information and CommunicationTechnology(NICT)inJapan.Thechapterdescribeshowlownoise superconducting nanowire single photon detectors enabled the world’s most ambitious quantum cryptography network to be realized in Tokyo, Japan. This chapteralsodescribesdevelopmentsinheraldedsingle-photonsourceandquantum interface technology, enabled by high-performance superconducting detectors. Part IIswitches the emphasis to quantumoptics inthe microwave regime using superconducting circuits at millikelvin temperatures. Chapter6givesanauthoritativeintroductiontotheemergingfieldofmicrowave quantum photonics. It describes the basic building blocks including transmission lines, cavities, artificial atoms (qubits), and measurement setups. This chapter is authored by researchers from the University of Queensland, Australia, and Jiangxi NormalUniversity,China.Thischapterhighlightsthepotentialofsuperconducting circuits to access and control quantum phenomena in the realm of microwave photons. Chapter 7 explores the role of continuous weak measurements as a probe of quantum dynamics in superconducting circuits. In particular, it discusses the pos- sibility to experimentally characterize the systems evolution in terms of quantum trajectoriesandalsohowtousethefeedbackfromweakmeasurementstostabilize Rabi oscillations. This chapter is contributed by experts from Washington University, St. Louis, USA, the University of California, Berkeley, USA, and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. Chapter 8 focuses on digital feedback control methods for superconducting qubits. In particular, it describes the use of projective measurements and feedback for fast qubit reset and deterministic entanglement generation. This chapter is contributed by leading researchers at the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, and Raytheon BBN Technologies, USA. This high fidelity projective measurement-based technique now allows fast initialization of superconducting Preface vii qubits and brings deterministic generation of entangled states by parity measure- ment within reach. Chapter 9 highlights the use of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in connection with superconductingquantumcircuits.Inparticular, itdescribesthecoupling ofa superconducting artificial atom to propagating SAWs and also how to form SAW cavities in the relevant parameter regime of high frequency and low temperatures. This chapter is authored by a team from Chalmers University, Sweden, Columbia University, USA, RIKEN, Japan, and the University of Oxford, UK. This new techniqueenablesexploitationofsinglephononsascarriersofquantuminformation between superconducting qubits as well as providing a method of storage of quantum information in high quality phononic cavities. Thisbookaroseoutofaspecialsymposiumon‘SuperconductingOptics’atthe jointConferenceonLasersandElectro-Optics—InternationalQuantumElectronics Conference (CLEO ®/Europe—IQEC conference) which took place in Munich, Germany, inMay2013.Oneofus(R.H.H.)wasachairofthesymposiumandthe other (G.J.) was an invited speaker. We thank Prof. Dr. Jürgen Eschner of UniversitätdesSaarlandes,Germany,andtheCLEO®/Europe—IQECprogramme committee for proposing the special symposium. We undertook the task of editing this book with encouragement from Dr. Claus Ascheron at Springer and Prof. Gerard J. Milburn of the University of Queensland, Australia, Springer Quantum Science and Technology Series Editor. We thank Praveen Kumar and his team at the Springer production office in Chennai, India, for their diligent handling of the proofs. We thank the authors for their high-quality contributions and their dedi- cation in meeting challenging deadlines. We also acknowledge colleagues who proofreadpartsofthevolume,includingDr.ChandraMouliNatarajan,Dr. JianLi and Dr. Robert Heath of the University of Glasgow, and Dr. Matti Silveri of Yale University, USA. Finally, we thank our respective families of their patience and forbearance as we guided this volume towards completion. Glasgow, UK Robert H. Hadfield Gothenburg, Sweden Göran Johansson December 2015 Contents Part I Superconducting Single Photon Detectors: Technology and Applications 1 Superconducting Nanowire Architectures for Single Photon Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Faraz Najafi, Francesco Marsili, Varun B. Verma, Qingyuan Zhao, Matthew D. Shaw, Karl K. Berggren and Sae Woo Nam 2 Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Quantum Optics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Thomas Gerrits, Adriana Lita, Brice Calkins and Sae Woo Nam 3 Waveguide Superconducting Single- and Few-Photon Detectors on GaAs for Integrated Quantum Photonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Döndü Sahin, Alessandro Gaggero, Roberto Leoni and Andrea Fiore 4 Waveguide Integrated Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors on Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Wolfram H.P. Pernice, Carsten Schuck and Hong X. Tang 5 Quantum Information Networks with Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Shigehito Miki, Mikio Fujiwara, Rui-Bo Jin, Takashi Yamamoto and Masahide Sasaki Part II Superconducting Quantum Circuits: Microwave Photon Detection, Feedback and Quantum Acoustics 6 Microwave Quantum Photonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Bixuan Fan, Gerard J. Milburn and Thomas M. Stace 7 Weak Measurement and Feedback in Superconducting Quantum Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Kater W. Murch, Rajamani Vijay and Irfan Siddiqi ix x Contents 8 Digital Feedback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Diego Ristè and Leonardo DiCarlo 9 Quantum Acoustics with Surface Acoustic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Thomas Aref, Per Delsing, Maria K. Ekström, Anton Frisk Kockum, Martin V. Gustafsson, Göran Johansson, Peter J. Leek, Einar Magnusson and Riccardo Manenti Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
The list of books you might like
