SUNLIGHT, VITAMIN D AND SKIN CANCER

422 Pages·2020·11.3 MB·English

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1268
Jörg Reichrath  Editor
Sunlight,
Vitamin D and
Skin Cancer
Third Edition
Advances in Experimental Medicine
and Biology
SeriesEditors
WimE.Crusio,InstitutdeNeurosciencesCognitivesetIntégratives
d’Aquitaine,CNRSandUniversityofBordeaux,Pessac,Cedex,France
HaidongDong,DepartmentsofUrologyandImmunology,MayoClinic,
Rochester,MN,USA
HeinfriedH.Radeke,Instituteof Pharmacology&Toxicology,Clinicofthe
GoetheUniversityFrankfurtMain,FrankfurtamMain,Hessen,Germany
NimaRezaei,ResearchCenterforImmunodeficiencies,Children’sMedical
Center,TehranUniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran
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Jörg Reichrath
Editor
Sunlight, Vitamin D
and Skin Cancer
Third Edition
Editor
JörgReichrath
CenterforClinicalandExperimentalPhotodermatology
andDepartmentofDermatology
SaarlandUniversityMedicalCenter
Homburg,Germany
ISSN0065-2598 ISSN2214-8019 (electronic)
AdvancesinExperimentalMedicineandBiology
ISBN978-3-030-46226-0 ISBN978-3-030-46227-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7
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Preface
Thepowerfulraysofthesunrepresentaconditiosinequanonforlifeonearth
in its present form and a major driver for human evolution. However, solar
radiation exerts both positive and negative effects on human health. As a
resultofthisdilemma,thereisanongoingcontroversyandintensediscussion
in scientific communities and the general population to answer this funda-
mentalquestionofenvironmentalmedicine:howmuchsunisgoodforhuman
health? The first two editions of “Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer,”
designed and organized to be up-to-date reviews, were widely recognized
benchmarks on the subject when published in 2008 and 2014, respectively.
This new and extended volume continues to include extensive, in-depth
chapters covering the most important aspects of the ongoing debate on how
much sun is good/optimal for human health and how to balance between
positiveandnegativeeffectsofsolarandartificialUVradiation.Asaresultof
a mountain of new information about the health benefits caused by the UV-
induced cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, this book has been expanded
substantially to include many new topics. It is generally accepted that UV
exposure represents the most important risk factor for the development of
non-melanoma skin cancer. Additionally, assessment of sun exposure
parameters has consistently shown an association between the development
of malignant melanoma and short-term intense UV exposure, particularly
burns acquired in childhood. As a consequence, protection of the skin from
UV radiation is an integral part of skin cancer prevention campaigns. How-
ever,morechronicless-intenseUVexposurehasnotbeenfoundtobearisk
factor for melanoma and in fact has been found in some studies to be
protective.Moreover,besidesmanyotherphotoproducts,90%ofallrequisite
vitaminDisformedwithintheskinthroughtheactionofthesun–aserious
problem, for a connection between vitamin D deficiency and many severe
diseases, including various types of cancer (e.g., colon, prostate, and breast
cancer), has been demonstrated in a large number of studies. Hence, the
association between vitamin D deficiency and various diseases, including
internal malignancies, has opened a debate among dermatologists and other
clinicians on how to balance between positive and negative effects of solar
and artificial UV exposure. The goal of this volume is to provide a compre-
hensive highly readable, updated, and extended overview on our present
knowledgeofpositive andnegativeeffectsofUVexposure,withafocuson
vitamin D and skin cancer. Topics are discussed in depth by leading
v
vi Preface
researchersandcliniciansrangingfromthenewestfindingsinendocrinology
(including the relevance of non-classical vitamin D metabolites), epidemiol-
ogy, histology, photobiology, immunology, cytogenetics, and molecular
pathology to new concepts for disease prevention and treatment. Experts in
thefieldaswellashealth-careprofessionalsnotintimately involvedinthese
specialized areas have provided the most significant and timely information
relatedtothesetopics.Itistheaimofthisthirdeditiontosummarizeessential
up-to-date information for every clinician or scientist interested in how to
balancebetweenpositiveandnegativeeffectsofUVexposuretominimizethe
risks that are associated with insufficient (e.g., developing vitamin D defi-
ciency)andexcessive(e.g.,skincancer)exposure.Again,allthechaptersare
writtenbyauthorswhoareexpertsintheirrespectiveresearchareas,andIam
grateful for their willingness to contribute to this book. I am convinced that
this edition will be as successful as the previous ones. I would also like to
express my thanks to Larissa Albright, Anthony Dunlap, Murugesan
Tamilselvan,andalltheothermembersoftheSpringerNaturestafffortheir
expertise,diligence,andpatienceinhelpingmecompletethiswork.
Enjoythereading!
Homburg/Saar,Germany JörgReichrath
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 LessonsLearnedfromPaleolithicModelsandEvolution
forHumanHealth:ASnapShotonBeneficialEffects
andRisksofSolarRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
JörgReichrath
PartII UV-InducedCutaneousSynthesisofVitaminD
andthePhysiologicConsequences(I)
2 Sunlight,UVRadiation,VitaminD,andSkinCancer:
HowMuchSunlightDoWeNeed?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
MichaelF.Holick
PartIII SolarRadiation,VitaminDandHumanHealth
3 VitaminDStatusandCancerIncidence,Survival,
andMortality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
HanseulKimandEdwardGiovannucci
4 VitaminDReceptorPolymorphismsandCancer. . . . . . . . . 53
PatriziaGnagnarella,SaraRaimondi,ValentinaAristarco,
HarrietAnnJohansson,FedericaBellerba,FedericaCorso,
andSaraGandini
5 OntheRelationshipBetweenSunExposure
andAll-CauseMortality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
PelleG.Lindqvist
6 EpidemiologyofSkinCancer:Update2019. . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
UlrikeLeiter,UlrikeKeim,andClausGarbe
PartIV EpidemiologyofSkinCancer
7 SolarUVExposureandMortalityfromSkinTumors:
AnUpdate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
MarianneBerwickandAmyGarcia
vii
viii Contents
8 SolariumUseandRiskforMalignantMelanoma:
ManyOpenQuestions,NottheTimetoClose
theDebate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
BarbaraBurgardandJörgReichrath
9 MolecularBiologyofBasalandSquamous
CellCarcinomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
LarsBoeckmann,MarieChristineMartens,andSteffenEmmert
PartV PhotocarcinogenesisofSkinCancer
10 HumanPapillomavirusesandSkinCancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
SigrunSmola
11 TheImmuneSystemandPathogenesisofMelanoma
andNon-melanomaSkinCancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
KoryP.Schrom,InYoungKim,andElmaD.Baron
12 ProtectionfromUltravioletDamageandPhotocarcinogenesis
byVitaminDCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
WarusavithanaGunawardenaManoriDeSilva,
MyriamAbboud,ChenYang,KatieM.Dixon,
MarkS.Rybchyn,andRebeccaS.Mason
PartVI TheRelevanceoftheVitaminDEndocrineSystem
forSkinCancer
13 TheRoleofClassicalandNovelFormsofVitaminD
inthePathogenesisandProgressionofNonmelanoma
SkinCancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
AndrzejT.Slominski,AnnaA.Brożyna,MichalA.Zmijewski,
ZoricaJanjetovic,Tae-KangKim,RadomirM.Slominski,
RobertC.Tuckey,RebeccaS.Mason,AntonM.Jetten,
PurushothamGuroji,JörgReichrath,CraigElmets,
andMohammadAthar
14 TheVitaminDReceptorasTumorSuppressor
inSkin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
DanielD.Bikle
15 CrosstalkBetweenVitaminDandp53SignalinginCancer:
AnUpdate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
JörgReichrath,SandraReichrath,ThomasVogt,andKlaus
Römer
16 Sunlight,VitaminD,andXerodermaPigmentosum. . . . . . . 319
MarieChristineMartens,SteffenEmmert,andLarsBoeckmann
PartVII PreventionandManagementofSkinCancer
17 Update:SolarUVRadiation,VitaminD,andSkinCancer
SurveillanceinOrganTransplantRecipients(OTRs). . . . . . 335
RomanSaternus,ThomasVogt,andJörgReichrath
Contents ix
18 SunscreensintheUnitedStates:CurrentStatus
andFutureOutlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
KatherineS.GlaserandKennethJ.Tomecki
19 AHandfulofSunscreenforWhole-BodyApplication. . . . . 381
IdaM.Heerfordt,PeterA.Philipsen,andHansChristianWulf
20 UltravioletExposureScenarios:BalancingRisks
ofErythemaandBenefitsofCutaneousVitaminD
Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
AnnR.WebbandOlaEngelsen
PartVIII UV-InducedCutaneousSynthesisofVitaminD
andthePhysiologicConsequences–II.PromiseandOutlook
21 ThePaleolithicNutritionModelinRelationtoUltraviolet
LightandVitaminD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
ReinholdVieth
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421