Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism PDF
Preview Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism
Table of Contents Also by Jim Loewen Title Page Note to the Reader PART I - Introduction Chapter 1 - The Importance of Sundown Towns Sundown Towns Are Almost Everywhere This History Has Been Hidden My Own Ignorance Sundown Towns Are Recent The Role of Violence Sundown Nation Why Dwell On It Now? Sundown Towns Persist The Plan of the Book The Penultimate Denial of Human Rights Residential Segregation Lives On Chapter 2 - The Nadir: Incubator of Sundown Towns Impact of the Civil War Anti-racist Idealism During and After the Civil War Welcoming African Americans, 1862–1890 The “Fusion” Period, 1877–1890 The “Three I’s” The Nadir of Race Relations Sets In How the Nadir Gave Birth to a Sundown Town African Americans, Not Racism, Become “the Problem” History, Popular Culture, and Science Legitimize the Nadir The Nadir Continued to About 1940 Setting the Stage for the Great Retreat PART II - The History of Sundown Towns Chapter 3 - The Great Retreat Aching to Be All-White The Chinese Retreat The Chinese Retreat and the Great Retreat The Great Retreat Was National County Populations Show the Great Retreat The Great Retreat and the Great Migration The Great Retreat in the Heartland Sundown Towns in the Far North The Great Retreat Did Not Strike the “Traditional South” The Great Retreat from the Rest of the South The Great Retreat in the West Sundown Subregions and “Dead Lines” The Great Retreat from Prime Real Estate Almost All Suburbs Were Sundown Towns Sundown Neighborhoods Creating All-Black Towns Black Townships Alternatives to the Great Retreat The Great Retreat Was No Solution Chapter 4 - How Sundown Towns Were Created Creating Sundown Towns by Violence Creating Sundown Towns by Threat The Role of the Ku Klux Klan Creating Sundown Towns by Ordinance Ordinances, Legal or Illegal? Creating Sundown Towns by Official Governmental Action Creating Sundown Towns by Freeze-out Creating Sundown Towns and Suburbs by Buyout Creating Sundown Suburbs All Planned Suburbs Were Intentionally Created All-White Most “Unplanned” Suburbs Were Also Created All-White Regardless of the Creation, the Result Was the Same Chapter 5 - Sundown Suburbs The Importance of Suburbs The Good Life Avoiding the Problems of the City Blacks as a Key Problem to Be Avoided Suburbs Start to Go Sundown Sundown Cemeteries Keeping Out Jews Sundown Suburbs Explode After World War II The FHA Helped Create Our Sundown Suburbs Too Little, Too Late PART III - The Sociology of Sundown Towns Chapter 6 - Underlying Causes Why African Americans? The Nadir Made Sundown Towns Possible Tautological “Causes” Sundown Suburbs Are Not “Natural” and Not Due to Class Other Nonsensical “Causes” Political Ideology as a Cause of Sundown Towns A Different Pattern in the Upland South: Many Unionist Areas Later Expelled ... White Ethnic Solidarity Labor Strife Chapter 7 - Catalysts and Origin Myths Labor Strife as Excuse On the Knife Edge Claims to Equality Led to Sundown Towns Threat of School Desegregation Led to Sundown Towns Other Catalysts Interracial Rape as Catalyst Black “Crime Waves” as Catalyst Catalysts Do Not Explain Vague or Mislaid Catalyst Stories Contagion as Catalyst Catalyst Stories as Origin Myths Historical Contingency: The Influence of a Single Individual Contingency Again: The Positive Influence of an Individual Chapter 8 - Hidden in Plain View: Knowing and Not Knowing About Sundown Towns Knowing and Not Knowing About Sundown Towns The Unsuspecting Researcher American Culture Typically Locates Racism in the South A Conspiracy of Silence Silence on the Landscape Local Newspapers Don’t Say a Thing and Vanish if They Do Chambers of Commerce Stifle Coverage Historical Societies Help to Suppress the Truth Absent from the History Books Defining “Sundown Town” All-White on Purpose? Oral History Ordinances, Written or Oral? Ordinances Are Real, Written or Not Errors of Inclusion and Exclusion PART IV - Sundown Towns in Operation Chapter 9 - Enforcement The Inadvertent Visitor Public Transportation Through Sundown Towns Automobile Travel Through Sundown Towns “Driving While Black” Sundown During the Daytime Night Work in Sundown Towns Economic and Social Ostracism Harassing Invited Guests The Importance of the City Limits Zoning Defended Neighborhoods Policies and Ordinances Restrictive Covenants Real Estate Agents as the Front Line of Defense Other Elements of the “System” The Grosse Pointe System Picking on Children How One Town Stayed White Down the Years Violence Developing a Reputation The 1964 Civil Rights Act Made Little Difference Chapter 10 - Exceptions to the Sundown Rule African American Servants Hotel Workers Refugees, Soldiers, Students, and Other Transients Having a Protector Other Survival Tactics Staying out of the File Folder The Suburban File Folder Exceptions That Embody the Rule PART V - Effects of Sundown Towns Chapter 11 - The Effect of Sundown Towns on Whites White Seems Right White Privilege Racist Symbols and Mascots Athletic Contests in Sundown Towns The Talk in Sundown Towns Sundown Humor “In This Town You Must Call Them ‘Negroes’ ” “We’re Not Prejudiced” The Paradox of Exclusivity Racial Stereotypes in Sundown Towns Imagining the “Black Menace” Cognitive Dissonance in Martinsville, Indiana Stereotyping Other Groups Inculcating Prejudice in the Next Generation Independent Sundown Towns Limit the Horizons of Their Children Elite Sundown Suburbs Limit Their Children in Other Ways Sundown Towns Collect Racists Racist Organizations Favor Sundown Towns Chapter 12 - The Effect of Sundown Towns on Blacks Feeling Ill at Ease Black Avoidance Helps Maintain Sundown Towns Psychological Costs of Sundown Towns Internalizing Low Expectations Excluding African Americans from Cultural Capital Excluding African Americans from Social Connections Chapter 13 - The Effect of Sundown Towns on the Social System Sundown Suburbs Can Hurt Entire Metropolitan Areas Sundown Towns Stifle Creativity Sundown Suburbs Make Integrated Neighborhoods Hard to Achieve Sundown Suburbs Cause White Flight Sundown Suburbs Put Their Problems Elsewhere Suburban Hitchhikers Better Services, Lower Taxes Sundown Communities and the Political System Where Is “the Problem”? PART VI - The Present and Future of Sundown Towns Chapter 14 - Sundown Towns Today The Persistence of Sundown Towns The Present Moment The 2000 census Sundown Exurbs Neighborhood Associations Gated Communities End of the Nadir The Civil Rights Movement 1968 as Turning Point After 1968, Sundown Towns Began to Desegregate Hispanics and Asians Prompt Change The Process of Change Students Can Make a Difference Athletics Can Prompt Change Colleges Can Prompt Change The South The West The Midwest Sundown Suburbs and Neighborhoods One Step Forward, One Back? One Future: Increasing Exclusion Another Future: Decreasing Exclusion Chapter 15 - The Remedy: Integrated Neighborhoods and Towns Bringing the History of Sundown Towns into the Open Is a First Step Truth and Reconciliation Legal Remedies Undoing Milliken v. Bradley Local Institutions Can End Sundown Towns White Families Can Dismantle Sundown Towns African American Challenges to Sundown Towns Passing a Residents’ Rights Act The Residents’ Rights Act in Operation Integrated Neighborhoods and Towns Are Possible Moving Toward an Integrated America Appendix - Methodological Notes on Notes APPENDIX PORTFOLIO Photography Credits and Permissions Index Copyright Page Also by Jim Loewen Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White Mississippi: Conflict and Change (with Charles Sallis, et al.) Social Science in the Courtroom The Truth About Columbus: A Subversively True Poster Book for a Dubiously Celebratory Occasion
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