Sundarban Mangrove Wetland (A UNESCO World Heritage Site): A Comprehensive Global Treatise

525 Pages·2022·11.131 MB·English

by  Santosh Kumar Sarkar

Sundarban Mangrove
Wetland (a UNESCO
World Heritage Site)
A Comprehensive Global
Treatise
This pageintentionallyleftblank
Sundarban Mangrove
Wetland (a UNESCO
World Heritage Site)
A Comprehensive Global
Treatise
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Department of Marine Science,
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-817094-6
ForInformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:CandiceJanco
AcquisitionsEditor:LouisaMunro
EditorialProjectManager:RachelPomery/SaraGreco
ProductionProjectManager:SruthiSatheesh
CoverDesigner:MarkRogers
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Dedication
Dedicated to all those deeply involved in conservation,
management, and wise use of the Mangrove Wetlands
This page intentionallyleftblank
Contents
Foreword..................................................................................................................xv
Preface..................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................xix
Abbreviations and acronyms...............................................................................xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Resource conservation and management....................1
1.1 Classification andcharacteristicsof coastal wetlands...................1
1.2 Mangrove flora andfauna..............................................................3
1.2.1 Characteristics of mangrove plantspecies.......................3
1.2.2 Characteristics of temperate mangroves...........................5
1.2.3 Floristic composition ofmangroves inIndia...................5
1.2.4 Mangrove community inother global regions...............38
1.2.5 Global mangrove cover...................................................48
1.2.6 Biogeographical division................................................50
1.2.7 Classification of mangrove landforms............................53
1.2.8 Structure andadaptation strategies ofMangroves.........55
1.2.9 Endangered species in mangrove regions of the
worldand their conservation strategies..........................59
1.2.10 Conclusion.......................................................................69
1.3 Mangroves goods andecosystem services..................................70
1.4 Mangroves:A carbon source and sink........................................78
1.5 Remote-sensing techniques for mangrove mapping....................84
References....................................................................................92
CHAPTER 2 Ecology and diversity of biota in Sundarban
regions.......................................................................119
Subchapter 2.1 Distribution and diversity of microbial
communities..........................................................120
2.1.1 Bacterial communities................................................................120
2.1.2 Fungal communities...................................................................123
2.1.3 Conclusion..................................................................................127
References..................................................................................127
Subchapter 2.2 Distribution and diversity of phytoplankton of
Sundarban.............................................................132
2.2.1 Introduction................................................................................132
2.2.2 Classification ofplankton..........................................................133
2.2.3 Phytoplankton communityin Sundarbanregions......................133
vii
viii Contents
2.2.4 Phytoplanktoncell volume inIndianSundarban......................136
2.2.5 Molecular characterization ofphytoplankton............................136
2.2.6 Phytoplanktoncommunity intropical coastal regions..............139
2.2.7 Phytoplanktonresponses toclimatechange..............................139
2.2.8 Conclusion..................................................................................141
References..................................................................................141
Subchapter 2.3 Distribution and diversity of microzooplankton
(Tintinnida: Ciliata) of Sundarban:
a case study..........................................................143
2.3.1 Introduction................................................................................143
2.3.2 Materialsand methods...............................................................144
2.3.2.1 Study sites...............................................................144
2.3.2.2 Sampling strategyand analyticalprotocol.............144
2.3.2.3 Data analysisof sample..........................................145
2.3.3 Results and discussion................................................................145
2.3.3.1 Environmental variables.........................................145
2.3.3.2 Taxonomic composition,community structure,
andseasonal species distribution............................147
2.3.3.3 Tintinnidnumericaldensity, biomass and
production rate........................................................150
2.3.3.4 Effect of algal bloom on tintinnidcommunity
structure...................................................................151
2.3.3.5 Correlationsbetween tintinnidcommunities and
environmental variables..........................................153
2.3.4 Conclusion..................................................................................156
References..................................................................................157
Subchapter 2.4 Distribution and diversity of mesozooplankton
of Sundarban: a case study..................................160
2.4.1 Introduction................................................................................160
2.4.2 Materialsand methods...............................................................161
2.4.2.1 Study area, sampling,and sample processing........161
2.4.3 Results and discussion................................................................162
2.4.3.1 Environmental variables.........................................162
2.4.3.2 Mesozooplankton displacement values..................163
2.4.3.3 Copepod..................................................................164
2.4.3.4 Distribution of chaetognathand itsmaturity
stages.......................................................................168
2.4.3.5 Statistical analyses..................................................169
2.4.4 Conclusion..................................................................................172
References..................................................................................173
Contents ix
Subchapter 2.5 Distribution and diversity of dominant
macrobenthos........................................................179
2.5.1 Introduction................................................................................179
2.5.2 Cnidarian....................................................................................181
2.5.3 Annelida.....................................................................................181
2.5.4 Arthropoda..................................................................................185
2.5.5 Mollusca.....................................................................................189
2.5.6 Echinodermata............................................................................192
2.5.7 Miscellaneous groups.................................................................192
2.5.8 Conclusion..................................................................................193
References..................................................................................194
Subchapter 2.6 Distribution and diversity of Ichthyofauna...........196
2.6.1 Introduction................................................................................196
2.6.2 Morphology and taxonomyof marinefish................................197
2.6.3 Distributionof marinefish.........................................................198
2.6.4 Impact of anthropogenic threats on fish....................................207
2.6.5 Conclusion..................................................................................211
References..................................................................................212
Subchapter 2.7 Distribution and diversity of avifauna..................213
References..................................................................................230
Subchapter 2.8 Distribution and diversity of herpetofauna..........232
References..................................................................................242
Subchapter 2.9 Distribution and diversity of mammals................243
References..................................................................................253
CHAPTER 3 Pollution in abiotic matrices and remedial
measures...................................................................255
Subchapter 3.1 Distribution of trace metals in sediment core of
Sundarban: a case study......................................255
3.1.1 Introduction................................................................................256
3.1.2 Material and methods.................................................................256
3.1.2.1 Collection, preservation, and chemical
analyses ofsediment samples.................................256
3.1.3 Results anddiscussion................................................................257
3.1.3.1 Sediment geochemistry...........................................257
3.1.3.2 Variation oftrace metals insedimentcores...........257
3.1.3.3 Evaluation ofsedimentcontamination and
ecological risks........................................................261