Sun: Mankind's Future Source of Energy. Proceedings of the International Solar Energy Society Congress, New Delhi, India, January 1978

2197 Pages·1978·179.116 MB·English

by  Francis de Winter (Eds.)

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S UN
Mankind's Future Source
of Energy
Proceedings of the
International Solar Energy Society Congress
New Delhi, India — January 1978
Volume One
Edited by
Francis de Winter and Michael Cox
Altas Corporation
Santa Cruz, California
Pergamon Press
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Copyright © 1978 International Solar Energy Society
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
International Solar Energy Congress, New Delhi, 1978
Sun.
1. Solar energy — Congresses
I. Title II. De Winter, F. III. International
Solar Energy Society
621.47 TJ810 78-40450
ISBN 0-08-022725-2
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic,
magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Printed in the United States of America
in memoriam
Lloyd H. Shaffer
1921 - 1978
Lloyd H. Shaffer, author from the U.S.A. of a paper entitled:
"Viscosity Stabilized Solar Ponds", to be presented at the Congress,
died in an automobile accident in Jaipur, India just prior to the
Congress. He had been working as principal investigator on the
solar pond research project funded by the U.S.Department of Energy
in conjunction with the Center for Environment & Man, at a labora­
tory in the University of Bridgeport. He was an honor graduate from
Princeton University in 1943. He received his PhD in physical
chemistry from MIT in 1949. He published technical papers and held
several patents. Areas of investigation included electro-dialysis,
desalination, and solar energy. He also owned a consulting business
and taught at the university level.
Mrs. Dorothy Browne Shaffer, Lloyd's widow, has expressed gratitude
for the assistance and attention she received in India after
Lloyd's untimely death. As an example, the pilot of the Indian Air
flight bringing her from Jaipur to Delhi invited her to the cockpit
and diverted the flight to circle the Taj Mahal so that she might
still see it-
Lloyd had made many friends in the solar energy community over the
years, who will miss him at future conferences.
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY: OFFICERS AND ADDRESSES
ISES officers and Directors:
President: W.H. Klein, USA
Vice Presidents: R.L. Datta, India
J.A. Eibling, US
Past President: G.O.G. Löf, USA
Secty-Treasurer : F.G. Hogg, Australia
Honorary Directors: W.R. Bimson, USA
W.T. Lucking, USA
F.L. Snell, USA
Directors :
M.D. Archer, UK R.N. Morse, Australia
W.W.S. Charters, Australia J.K. Page, UK
J.C.V. Chinnappa, PNG G. Peri, France
J.A. Duffie, USA E.L. Ralph, USA
M.C. Gupta, India W.R.W. Read, Australia
L.O. Herwig, USA N.R. Sheridan, Australia
E.D. Howe, USA W. Shropshire, Jr., USA
K. Kimura, Japan H. Tabor, Israel
F.H. Morse, USA F. de Winter, USA
For membership information contact the Secretary-
Treasurer, P.O.Box 26, Highett, Victoria 3190,
Australia, or one of the following regional
secretaries:
AMERICAN SECTION JAPANESE SECTION
American Section of ISES, Inc. Dr.T.Noguchi
P.O.Box 1416 Solar Research Laboratory
.US Highway 190 West Government Industrial Research Institute
Killeen, TX 76541, USA Karate-Machi, Kita-Ku
Nagoya 462, Japan
ANZ SECTION
Mr. F.G.Hogg NETHERLANDS SECTION
P.O.Box 26 Ir.C.C.H.T.Daey Owens
Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia Experimental Physics Laboratory
University of Utrecht
BELGIAN SECTION Sorbonnelaan 4, Utrecht, Holland
Prof. J.Nasielski
Uni versi te Libre de Bruxelles SCANDINAVIAN SECTION
Faculté des Sciences Mr.Ulf Rengholt
Avenue F.D.Roosevelt 50 VVS-Tekniska Ftfreningen
Bruxelles, Belgium Hantverkargatan 8
S-112 21 Stockholm, Sweden
INDIAN SECTION
Dr.J.Gururaja UNITED KINGDOM SECTION
Dept. of Science and Technology Dr.J.Barber
Technology Bhavan The Royal Institution
New Mehrauli Road 21 Albemarle Street
New Delhi 110 029, India London W1X 4BS, England
IRISH SECTION SOUTH AFRICAN SECTION
Mr. J.Owen Lewis Mr.B.G.A.Schaller
School of Architecture, University College P.O.Box 309
Earlsfort Terrace Estcourt, Natal 3310, South Africa
Dublin 2, Ireland
WEST GERMAN SECTION
ITALIAN SECTION Dr.Ing.W.Lenz
Dr. V.Storelli VDI-Gesellschaft Energietechnik
Via Crispi 72 4 Dusseldorf 1, Postfach 1139
80121 Naples, Italy Federal Republic of Germany
NEW DELHI
CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION
NATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE
A.Ramachandran, Chairman F. de Winter, Chairman
J.Gururaja, General Secretary M.D.Archer, R.L.Datta, S.Deb, J.A.Duffie, B.K.Gupta,
Ajit K.Gupta, Assistant Secretary L.O.Herwig, A.S.Hirshberg, U.R.Read, B.G.A.Schaller.
N.B.Amin, B.Bhatnagar, V.G.Bhide, Otima Bordia, R.L.
Datta, R.D.Deshpande, A.Gopalakrishnan, C.L.Gupta, Additional Manuscript Reviewers: R.W.Allen, D.K..
M.C.Gupta, K.N.Johry, J.C.Kapoor, P.K.Katti, M.G. Anand, V.A.Baum, A.F.Clark, J.Cook, J.A.Eibling,
Krishna, V.R.Narasimhan, M.K.Raghunathan, P.K. J.Goldsmith, T.A.Lawand, W.Shropshire, C.J.Swett,
Ramanujam, S.Ramaseshan, A.Rahman, M.K.Sambamurti, M.Wahl ig, R.Winston.
Darbari Seth, H.N.Sharan, C.S.Sridharan, R.K.Suri,
C.V.Suryanarayana, N.M.Swani, U.V.Warlu.
FINANCE COMMITTEE
R.K.Ramanujam, Convener
SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY OF INDIA
RECEPTION, ACCOMMODATION & HOSPITALITY COMMITTEE
Lt.Gen.M.M.L.Chhabra, Convener
GOVERNING COUNCIL
CONGRESS ARRANGEMENTS COMMITTEE
A.Ramachandran, President
B.Bhatnagar, Convener
R.L.Datta, Immediate Past-President(Ex-Officio)
EXHIBITION COMMITTEE
A.Mani, Vice President
U.V.Warlu, Convener
V.G.Bhide, Vice President
PUBLICATIONS & TECHNICAL PROGRAMME COMMITTEE
J.Gururaja, Secretary
J.Gururaja, Convener
R.K.Suri, Treasurer
PRINTING & DOCUMENTATION COMMITTEE
Y.R.Chadha & T.S.Rajagopalan, Conveners
Members: J.C.Kapoor, M.C.Gupta, Arvind Pandya,
CULTURAL PROGRAMME COMMITTED
B.C.Raychaudhuri, V.R.Muthuveerappan, C.R.Das,
R.C.Malhotra, Convener
K.D.Mannan, H.P.Garg, S.K.Shil, C.L.Gupta.
PUBLICITY COMMITTEE
S.P.Ambasta, Convener
LADIES PROGRAMME
Mrs.B.Chhabra, Convener
PHOTOVOLTAIC WORKSHOP COMMITTEE
K.L.Chopra, Convener
SOLAR THERMAL WORKSHOP
M.V.Krishnamurthy & M.C.Gupta, Conveners
-vili-
Foreword
The International Solar Energy Society (ISES) was Another journal, called "Sunworld" is published
founded in 1954, and changed names several times. quarterly for all the members of ISES. The society
In August 1971 its name was changed from the "Solar holds meetings every two years.
energy Society" (SES) to the "International Solar
Energy Society" (ISES). In 1963 the name had been There have been many other meetings organized by the
changed to "Solar Energy Society" from the earlier: ISES. After the original meeting in 1955 in Phoenix
"Association for Applied Solar Energy" (AFASE). and Tucson, there were subsequent meetings in 1957
AFASE was founded on March 17, 1954 in Phoenix, Ari­ in Phoenix, Arizona QJSA) on Solar Furnaces, and
zona (USA), ^ery soon after its foundation, in 1955, general meetings in 1965 in Phoenix, in 1966 on
two important meetings were held in Phoenix and in Boston, in 1967 in Tempe, in 1968 in Palo Alto, (all
Tucson, Arizona (USA). These meetings constituted in the USA), in 1970 in Melbourne (Australia), in
the first worldwide gathering of solar energy 1971 in Greenbelt, Maryland (USA), in 1973 in Paris
experts. The New Delhi meeting is the latest one. (France), and in 1975 in Los Angeles (USA). The New
Delhi meeting, originally planned for November 1977,
The ISES is a society fully supported by the indivi­ was finally held in January 1978. The 1979 meeting
dual members, and by a few collective memberships is planned for Atlanta, Georgia (USA) during the
from companies which have an interest in solar week of May 28 - June 1. Some of the National Sec­
energy. Although ISES regularly suggests or supp­ tions of ISES also hold regular meetings, notably
lies experts to government or to international or­ in the English, Indian, and (North) American Sec­
ganizations, there are no direct affiliations with tions.
any government, and there is no continuing support
from any particular government. It is a purely The present volumes constitute the full proceedings
technical organization, but it does not require any of the New Delhi "ISEC 77" (International Solar
specific professional diplomas from its members: Energy Congress) conference. Papers were solicited
they must merely be interested in solar energy. from participants who earlier had submitted an ab­
Virtually all members are however professionals. stract for review which had been accepted for
presentation. Typing forms and instructions on
The first 15 years or so of the existence of the format and graphics were supplied to the authors.
society were very difficult ones indeed, for it was In the case of authors who were unable to attend no
precisely during these days that gas, oil, coal and paper was included unless a presentation had been
electricity became more easily available as well as arranged by a knowledgeable substitute. For those
cheaper, in many parts of the world. As a result, authors who did not submit a final manuscript the
solar energy, which can only be considered a com­ material included was obtained by retyping the ex­
peting energy source, was not competitive enough in tended abstract included in the volumes of extended
many places to be considered a subject worthy of abstracts which had been handed out at the time of
pursuit. During this period in many parts of the the meeting. Papers were retyped and figures were
world solar energy actually went backwards: in the redrawn when this was clearly necessary for success­
U.S. in California and Florida, in Israel, in Japan ful photo-offset reproduction. The editing and
and in a number of other places there were areas in document assembly process was performed at the Al tas
which solar energy had been widely used for water Corporation.
heating, and in which the installations were aban­
doned in favor of units which used cheap fuels, and In most previous ISES conferences only extended
ensured an unlimited amount of hot water around the abstracts were made available, with many of the
clock. For a number of years during this period final papers being published in the Solar Energy
there was virtually no private or government support journal. Only the 1955(Tucson-Phoenix), the 1970
of research and development, and no incentive to (Melbourne) and the 1973 (Paris) meeting had resulted
bring hardware from a research stage to a commercial in full proceedings or complete collections of full
status. papers. It is planned to prepare a full set of pro­
ceedings for every ISES Conference in the future.
These difficulties were behind the name changes of
the society, and also behind the move of the society Francis de Winter
in 1970 from Arizona to Melbourne, Australia (Aus­ Michael Cox
tralia was one of the few countries in which inter­ Santa Cruz, August 1978
est in solar energy did not go down to virtually
zero during these years). The society had some
very difficult years during the 1960's, and only
survived because of private donations and the
voluntary efforts of many.
Now the society is in a period of rapid growth. The
total membership, worldwide, is about 7000. There
are sections formed in 12 countries, and several
others have made applications for membership. The
Solar Energy Journal of ISES, founded in 1957, is
one of the most important publications in the field.
-XXIX-
INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY CONGRESS
WELCOME ADDRESS
by
Dr. A. Ramachandran
Secretary
Department of Science & Technology and
Director-General, CSIR
Honourable Prime Minister, distinguished invitees, of coal and its increasing use gave a tremendous
delegates, ladies and gentlemen: impetus to industrialisation. Then came oil which
rapidly produced a radical change in the level
On behalf of the National Organising Committee, of activity and the life style of people in
I have great pleasure in welcoming you to the most countries, while nuclear energy made its
International Solar Energy Congress. We are indeed advent in the form of a disastrous weapon. It
yery happy to have our Prime Minister today to took some time for peaceful uses to take roots.
inaugurate this prestigeous conference. Your pres­ In fact, it has taken many years to harness
ence, here, Sir, in spite of your multifarious nuclear energy for power production. There is
engagements, indicates your keen interest in scien­ hardly any disagreement on the importance of
tific research and development and your desire to harnessing renewable sources of energy and es­
see that its application would lead to a significant pecially solar energy in the years to come but
improvement in the quality of life of the vast ma­ there is not enough awareness of the challenges
jority of the people in the world who live below to be faced and the great tasks that lie ahead.
subsistence level. The conference will no doubt address itself
to these tasks and outline new possibilities
The Conference itself is of great significance for its implementation. I am confident that
for the opportunities it affords for experts from the deliberations of the conference would lead
many developed and developing countries to take to greater international co-operation and
stock of the achievements to-date, to examine the enhanced national activity in the utilisation
scientific and technological problems associated of solar energy for the common well-being.
with the optimal use of solar energy for various
applications and to discuss the social and economic Dissemination of information of new tech­
issues concerning the emerging area of solar tech­ nology and guidance to its application is the
nology. vital role of all professional societies. The
International Solar Energy Society has in recent
Solar Energy is a resource for the future. At years been promoting actively the science and
a time when the world is facing problems of energy technology of solar energy through its publi­
supply, increased pollution and mounting costs, the cations and conferences. It goes to the credit
promise of this clean source of energy deserves the of the Solar Energy Society of India to have
serious attention of scientists, technologists, so­ taken the initiative to sponsor the present
cial scientists, policy makers and planners. The conference. We are happy to have with us Dr.
role of solar energy and its niche in the energy Klein who has so ably shouldered the responsi­
plans and programmes would become more definite as bility as President of the Society in the last
more progress is made in the sphere of applications. two years. We are also happy to have with us
Historically new sources of energy have appeared on Dr. R. L. Datta, the in-coming President of the
the scene at intervals of approximately 50 years in Society. I extend a warm welcome to the out­
the last two hundred years. Every new energy develop­ going President, the in-coming President, the
ment has supplemented the old rather than displace Vice-Presidents and the Board of Directors of
it--coal, gas, oil, hydel and nuclear energy. the Society. Finally, I welcome you all once
Prior to industrial revolution, wood, wind and water- again and hope that your stay in this beautiful
wheels were the main sources of energy. The discovery city of Delhi will be enjoyable and that your
participation in the conference is purposeful
and professionally satisfying.
-1-
INAUGURAL CEREMONIES
Introductory Remarks and Greetings from the President of the
International Solar Energy Society
Dr. William H. Klein
Smithsonian Institution Radiation Biology Laboratory
Rockville, Md. 20852
Distinguished Guests, Our Good Hosts, and All of of solar energy.
You, Our Colleagues:
In 1955, following the Conference on the
Gathering together in this magnificent Use of Solar Energy, the first congress of the
country of India, we must be moved to contemplate Society was held in Phoenix, Arizona: The World
the possibilities opening up in our own time. We Solar Energy Symposium. 1,100 participants, in­
perhaps have believed that no great new frontiers cluding scientists, engineers, educators, and
in science and technology remain to be conquered. industrialists were registered, representing 36
Man in space has been achieved. The globe we live nations. The exhibition, called "The Sun at Work",
upon has been explored and mapped. Extraordinary displayed 80 solar devices from a number of
networks of communication have spanned our world countries and was viewed by more than 29,000 per­
and linked us closer together. The wonders of sons. Since that time, delegates have assembled
technology applied to transportation have brought in many cities. In 1970, we met in Melbourne,
us to this place in units of time not dreamed of Australia; 1971 found the Congress in Greenbelt,
a few decades ago. We see the miracles of medicine, Maryland, USA; UNESCO hosted the 1973 Congress
the marvels of industry, the mountains of new at its headquarters in Paris, France; and in 1975,
products that are the hallmarks of modern civiliza­ 1,000 delegates were gathered at the University of
tion. California, in Los Angeles, USA. Now, at this
Congress in New Delhi, more than l 000 delegates
ft
Basic to this civilization and peculiar to represent more than 50 nations. These congresses
man on earth is the need that grows in quantum are evidence that there is international partici­
steps for production of energy. Vast stores of pation and cooperation, that significant advances
knowledge have been developed and applied to tap have been and are being accomplished, and that
the energy resources that natures' bounty pro­ interest is strong.
vides. Now we know that certain fixed sources,
the fossil fuels, are too closely approaching To no less an extent have the publications
exhaustion. of the International Solar Energy Society served
to forward international development. Unique in
For two and a half decades, the Internation­ its time, the book 'Applied Solar Energy Research:
al Solar Energy Society has been the aegis under A Directory of World Activities and Bibliography
which have gathered the scientists and technolo­ of Significant Literature' was published in 1955.
gists who believe that it is indeed possible to "Sun at Work", a newsletter, recorded from 1955
pass through technological barriers and apply through 1967 the activity around the world in solar
the energy available from self-renewing and energy applications. Within the bindings of
plentiful sources to fulfill the growing demands. 'Solar Energy: The Journal of Solar Energy Science
Devoted to the premise that these powerful and and Technology' reside the archives of research and
seemingly limitless forces that shine upon us development in the field. In this journal, begun
from the sun, blow against us in the air, and in 1957, there is international representation of
flow around us in the sea and under the earth can authors and the record of more than a generation
be concentrated and harnessed to do the work that of the most respected names in solar energy science
will make man's lot an ever better one, these and technology. In recent years, the papers pre­
men and women have been the pioneers in conducting sented at congresses have been reported and pub­
the research and building up for now and the future lished as Proceedings of the meetings to provide
the knowledge necessary to the practicable applica­ more information more widely around the world.
tion and utilization of alternative resources. Yet another venture was added in 1976, the quarter­
Knowing well that accumulation and storage of in­ ly magazine 'SunWorld', to encourage the spread
formation has in itself no useful value, they
of less technical information.
created and have carried on the International
Solar Energy Society, dedicating it to gathering,
Through this most significant quarter-
compiling, and disseminating information relating
century, there has evolved a usable and practical
to solar energy utilization, and, as well, to
broad range of solar energy applications. The
fostering research and education, and encouraging
International Solar Energy Society will continue
the expansion and development of the applications
to pursue its objectives toward the development of
further applications and improvements, working Thus do we express our commitment to the cause of
through the congresses, the publications, and all providing to the people of all the world the means
the activities of the Society. We shall hope to to fulfill their needs in daily living, in the
justify the continuing and growing encouragement production of food, and in the generation of power
and support of national governments, international to produce their goods and make their lives and
agencies, and other organizations, as well as by the living better.
increasing participation in the meetings and by a
growing, vigorous, and responsive membership.