Table Of Content

“P“ePteetre rt atkaekse sy oyuo uo no na af afnatnatsatsicti cr irdied et htrhoruoguhg ht hteh ei nicnrcerdeidbilbel eg rgorwowtht hs tsotroyr yo fo fm modoedrenr ns osloalra r PPeetteerr FF.. VVaarraaddii SS eneenregryg yfr formom 1 917937 3to t oth teh ep rperseesnetn dt adya.y A. nAdn ds isnicnec eh eh es tsatratretde dit iat lal,l ly, oyuo ua raer ein i nth teh ed rdirvievre’rs ’ss esaeta! t! ThTihsi sb obooko kis i sa am musuts-rt-eraeda dfo fro re veevreyroynoen ein i nth teh es escetcotro rb ubtu et qeuqaulalyll ye deudcuactaintign ga nadn de netnetretratianiinnign gfo fro r uu eveevreyroynoen ew withit ha na nin itnetreersets itn i nte tcehcnhonloolgoyg.y”.” nn FrFarnakn kW Wouotuetresrs DDepeuptuyt yD Direircetcotro-rG-Geneenrearla, lI,n Itnetrenrantaiotinoanla Rl eRneenwewabalbel eE nEenregryg yA gAegnecnycy aa “D“Dr. rV. aVraardaid’si ’sb obooko kis i sa au nuinqiuqeu ec ocnotnrtirbiubtuiotino nto t oth teh eh ihsitsotroyr yo fo sf osloalra rP VP,V a, na ne neenregryg yte tcehcnhonloolgoyg y bb thtahta its i str tarnasnfsofromrminign gth teh ew waya yw we eg egneenreartaet ea nadn du sues ee leelcetcrtirciictyit.y I. aI mam u nuanwawaraer eo fo af nayn yo tohtehre rb obooko k oo thtahta at daddrdersessesse sth tihsi sh ihsitsotroyr ya sa sc ocmomprperheehnesnisvievleyl ya sa sth tihsi sb obooko kd odeose.s I.t Iat laslos ob ebneenfeitfsit sg rgeraetalytl yfr formom hahvaivnign gb ebeene nw wrirttiettne nb yb ya atr tureu eP VP Vp ipoinoeneere rw whoh oh ehleplepde dc rceraetaet ea an enwew a nadn dc rcirtiictiaclalyll yim impoprotratnatn t vv eneenregryg yin idnudsutsrtyr.y”.” ee DDr. rA. Allallna nR .R H. Hofoffmfmanan FoFromrmere Ar sAssoscoicaitaet ea nadn dA cAtcintign gD Depeuptuyt yA sAssissitsatnatn St eScercerteatrayr yfo fro Ur Utiltiitlyit yTe Tcehcnhonloolgoigeise, s, tt UU.S..S D. Depeapratrmtmenetn ot fo Ef nEenregrygy hh “T“hTihsi sb obooko kp rporvoivdiedse sa au nuinqiuqeu ep epresrpsepcetcivtiev eb yb yo noen eo fo ft hteh ep ipoinoeneeresr si ni nt hteh eP VP Vi nidnudsutsrtyr yw whoh o ee coc-ofo-fuonudnedde dth teh efi rfisrts ct ocmompapnayn yth tahta mt manaunfuafcatcutruerde ds osloalra rc eclelsll sfo fro rte trerrersetsrtiraila al papplpicliactaiotinosn.s .I t Iits i s a am musuts-rt-eraeda dfo fro ra naynoynoen ew whoh ow wanatnst sto t ok nkonwow h ohwow th teh eP VP Vin idnudsutsrtyr yg rgerwew to t oth tihsi sp opionitn at nadn dw whehreer e HH it imt maya yb eb eh ehaedaedde din i nth teh efu ftuutruer.e”.” DDr. rD. Deneinsi sJ. J C. uCrutritnin oo FoFromrmere Cr hCiheife Of Opepreartaintign gO Offifcfiecre, rX, TXATRA RL LLCL,C U, USASA rr ii ThTeh em meteetoeroicri cri sries eo fo tfh teh ep hpohtootvoovlotaltiaci c(P (VP)V i)n idnudsutsrtyr yis i sa na nin icnrcerdeidbilbel es tsotroyr.y I.n I n2 021031,3 G, Gooogolgel’se ’s zz inivnevsetsmtmenetnst sin i nP VP Vs yssytsetmems st ottoatlaelde da baobuotu th ahlaf laf ab iblliilolino nd odlolallrasr, sa, nadn dW Wararrerne nB uBfufeffte, to, noen eo fo f oo thteh efa fmamouosu sin ivnevsetsotrosr, si,n ivnevsetsetde dU US$S2$.25. 5b iblliilolino nin i nth teh ew woroldrl’ds ’sla lragregsets Pt VP Vs yssytsetmem in i nC aClaifloifronrinai.a . ThTehsees eg iggiagnatnicti cin ivnevsetsmtmenetnst sb yb ym majaojro fri nfiannacnicaila pl lpalyaeyresr sw wereer em madaed eo nolnyl y4 04 0y eyaerasr sa fatfetre trh teh e nn firfsirts ttw two ote trerrersetsrtiarila Pl VP Vc ocmompapnaineise, sS, oSloalraerxe xa nadn dS oSloalra Pr oPwowere Cr oCroproproartaiotino,n w, wereer efo fromrmede din i nth teh e UUSAS.A T.o Tdoadya,y t,h teh ew woroldrlwdwidied ec acpaapcaictyit yo fo of poepreartaintign gP VP Ve leelcetcrticri cg egneenreartaotrosr es qeuqaulasl tsh teh ec acpaapcaictyit y ofo af baobuotu t2 52 5n unculcelaera rp opwowere rp lpalnatnst. sT. hTeh eP VP Vin idnudsutsrtyr yis i sg rgorwowinign ga ta ta na na nannunaula rl artaet eo fo 3f 03%0%, , eqeuqiuviavlaelnetn tto t oa baobuotu fti vfiev en enwew n unculcelaera pr opwowere pr lpalnatnst sp epre yr eyaera. rT. hTihsi sb obooko kd edsecsrcibriebse sh ohwow th tihsi s hahpappepneende da nadn dw whahta lti elise as haehaeda dfo fro Pr VP Vp opwowere gr egneenreartaiotino.n . MMeetteeoorriicc RRiissee ooff tthhee SSoollaarr IInndduussttrryy PP PePteetre rF .F .V aVraardaid, i,a fatfetre ra as csiceinetniftiicfi cc acrarrierire, r,w wasa sa pappopionitnetde dh ehaeda do fo f ee CoCmommmunuinciactaiotino nS aStaetleliltleit eC oCroproproartaiotino’ns ’sc hcehmemisitsrtyr yd edpeapratrmtmenetn ti ni nt hteh e tt ee SSUUNN AABBOOVVEE UUSAS Ai ni n1 916986.8 .I nI n1 917937,3 ,h eh ec oc-ofo-fuonudnedde dS oSloalraerxe xC oCroproproartaiotino,n ,U USAS,A ,t ot o rr dedveevleolpo pth teh eu tuiltiizliaztaiotino no fo sf osloalra cr eclelsll sfo fro tre trerrersetsrtiarila al papplpicliactaiotinosn. sB. yB y1 918938,3 , FF .. SoSloalraerxe xh ahda db ebceocmome et hteh ela lragregsets ts osloalra rc eclel lml manaunfuafcatcutruerre rin i nt hteh ew woroldrl,d , VV wwithit hfa fcatcotroierise sin i nfo fuoru cr ocnotnintiennetnst, sw, whehne nit iwt wasa ss oslodl dto t oA mAmocooc.o D. Dr. rV. aVraardaid i aa cocnotnintiuneude dc ocnosnuslutilntign gfo fro Sr oSloalraerxe xfo fro 1r 01 0y eyaerasr sa nadn dth tehne nfo fro trh teh eE uEruorpoepaena n rr aa TTHHEE HHOORRIIZZOONN CoCmommmisissisoino,n ,W Woroldrl dB aBnakn,k ,N Nataiotinoanla lR eRneenwewabalbel eE nEenregryg yL aLbaobroartaotroyr y( N(NRERLE)L, ),a nadn do tohtehre r dd orogragnainziaztaiotinosn. sI.n I nre rceocgongintiiotino no fo hf ihsi sli fleifleolnogn gs esrevrivciec eto t oth teh eg lgolboabla Pl VP Vin idnudsutsrtyr,y h, eh ere rceecievievde d ii ini n2 020040 4th teh eE uEruorpoepaena nP hPohtootvoovlotaltiaci cIn Idnudsutsrtyr yA sAssoscoicaitaiotino’ns ’Jso Jhonh nB oBnodnad ap rpizriez.e. V4V14919 ISIBSNB N9 7987-89-8918-14-641631-32-92-93-3 SUN ABOVE THE HORIZON Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy Series Editor Wolfgang Palz Titles in the Series Vol. 4 Solar Power for the World: What You Wanted to Know about Published Photovoltaics Vol. 1 Wolfgang Palz, ed. Power for the World: The Emergence 2013 of Electricity from the Sun 978-981-4411-87-5 (Hardcover) Wolfgang Palz, ed. 978-981-4411-88-2 (eBook) 2010 978-981-4303-37-8 (Hardcover) 978-981-4303-38-5 (eBook) Vol. 5 Sun above the Horizon: Meteoric Rise of the Solar Industry Vol. 2 Peter F. Varadi Wind Power for the World: The Rise 2014 of Modern Wind Energy 978-981-4463-80-5 (Hardcover) Preben Maegaard, Anna Krenz, 978-981-4613-29-3 (Paperback) and Wolfgang Palz, eds. 978-981-4463-81-2 (eBook) 2013 978-981-4364-93-5 (Hardcover) 978-981-4364-94-2 (eBook) Forthcoming Vol. 6 Biomass Power for the World Vol. 3 Wim P. M. van Swaaij, Sascha R. A. Wind Power for the World: Kersten, Wolfgang Palz, eds. International Reviews and 2015 Developments Preben Maegaard, Anna Krenz, and Wolfgang Palz, eds. 2013 978-981-4411-89-9 (Hardcover) 978-981-4411-90-5 (eBook) (cid:49)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:51)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:137)(cid:1)(cid:55)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:19) Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy Volume 5 Meteoric Rise of the Solar Industry SUN ABOVE THE HORIZON editors PrebenMaegaard AnnaKrenz WolfgangPalz Peter F. Varadi The Rise of Modern Wind Energy Wind Power for the World Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore 038988 Email: [email protected] Web: www.panstanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Sun above the Horizon: Meteoric Rise of the Solar Industry CDoispcylraiigmhte ©r 2014 Peter F. Varadi The regulatory information contained in this book is intended for academic learning and market planning and is subject to change frequently. Translations of laws and regulations are unofficial. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4463-80-5 (Hardback) ISBN 978-981-4613-29-3 (Paperback) ISBN 978-981-4463-81-2 (eBook) Printed in the USA Contents Acknowledgments Introduction 1 xiii Act 1: Dawn—1972–1984 1. Damn the Torpedoes and Full Steam Ahead 7 2. Cook Book: How to Make Solar Cells and Modules 21 3. Betting on Horses 31 4. The Dawn of the Terrestrial PV—Solarex: The Beginning and … 41 5. … Almost a Premature End 49 6. “Chevron” Solar Cells 67 7. The Silicon Enigma 73 8. Silicon, the Second Most Common Element in the Earth’s Crust 77 9. The Evolution of the Terrestrial PV Modules: The Importance of Testing and Quality 91 10. Dreamers and Sobering Reality 101 11. Photovoltaic Systems 113 12. “Stand-Alone” or “Off-Grid” PV Systems 117 13. 1975 the Year of Change 129 14. The Importance of Consumer Business 133 vi Contents 15. Micro-Generators and … 137 16. … and a Permanent Bridge to Europe 151 17. The Micro-Generator Mushroom Resulting in a Solar Thin-Film Solution 167 18. PV for the People 175 19. Story about Success and Cash Flow 191 20. Water Pumping with PV 197 21. Navigational Aids 215 22. Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) the First Successful Thin-Film Solar Cell 229 Act 2: Sunrise—1985–1999 23. Changing Landscape 245 24. The Big Oils’ Involvement in PV 247 25. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics and PV Roofs 255 26. Space Applications Used in Everyday Life: Communication and GPS 275 27. Development of the Global PV Quality Program 293 28. World Bank’s Trailblazing Role for PV in Developing Countries 309 29. Japan and Then Europe Take Over the Baton 323 30. Three Axioms That Will Shape the Future of PV 331 31. Does PV Need Government Subsidy or Can It Be Financed Privately? 337 32. Grass Roots—Common Sense 345 Contents vii Act 3: Towards High Noon—2000–2013 33. The Winding Road to the Feed-in Tariff 353 34. A New Silicon Enigma and Thin-Film PV Alternatives 359 35. PV Becomes Unstoppable 367 36. The Chinese Miracle—Part 1 375 37. The Chinese Miracle—Part 2 393 38. Concentrated, Tracking, and the Solyndra PV Systems 417 39. The PV Rollercoaster 429 40. The Last Barrier: “Bankability” = Proof of Quality/Reliability 433 41. The Effect of PV on the Transformation of the Electric Utilities 445 42. Energy Independence and the Wireless Environment 463 Epilogue Annexes 479 Index 481 529