Sulfate Karst of Perm Region (Russia) PDF
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Cave and Karst Systems of the World Nikolay Maksimovich Olga Kadebskaya Olga Meshcheriakova Sulfate Karst of Perm Region (Russia) Cave and Karst Systems of the World Series Editor James W. LaMoreaux, P. E. LaMoreaux and Associates, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA This book series furthers the understanding of cave and karst related processes and facilitates the translation of current discipline-specific research to an interdisciplinary readership by dealing with specific cave or karst systems. Books in this series focus on a specific cave or karst system, on the cave or karst systems of a specific region, on a specific type of cave or karst system, or on any other perspective related to cave and karst systems of the world. The book series addresses a multidisciplinary audience involved in anthropology, archaeology, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, paleontology, sedimentology, and all other disciplines related to speleology and karst terrains. Nikolay Maksimovich • Olga Kadebskaya • Olga Meshcheriakova Sulfate Karst of Perm Region (Russia) 123 Nikolay Maksimovich Olga Kadebskaya Institute of Natural Sciences Mining Institute of the Ural Branch Perm State University Perm, Russia Perm, Russia Olga Meshcheriakova Perm State University Perm, Russia ISSN 2364-4591 ISSN 2364-4605 (electronic) Cave andKarstSystems of theWorld ISBN978-3-031-18971-5 ISBN978-3-031-18972-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18972-2 TranslationfromtheRussianlanguageedition:“СульфатныйкарстПермскогокрая”byNikolayMaksimovichetal., ©N.Maksimovich,O.Kadebskaya,O.Meshcheriakova2021.PublishedbyПГНИУ,ГИУрОРАН.–Пермь.All RightsReserved. ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor partofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Dedicated to the outstanding karstologist Klara A. Gorbunova ... Preface The scientific work (monograph) provides a characteristic of sulfate karst, the features of its distribution and development in the Perm Region, based on their own research and general- ization of data accumulated in recent years. An updated zoning of the territory is given, partly based on the use of GIS technologies. A detailed description of areas with characteristics of geological and hydrogeological conditions for the development of karst and karst phenomena is given. A detailed description of a number of caves is given, information about specially protected natural areas associated with sulfate karst is provided, and new unique objects that need protection are proposed. The book describes the influence of karst on economic activity and the ecological situation. The publication is intended for geologists, geographers, ecologists, karst scientists, spele- ologists, local historians, teachers, and students of specialties related to earth sciences, as well as a wide range of karst and cave enthusiasts. Perm, Russia Nikolay Maksimovich Olga Kadebskaya Olga Meshcheriakova vii Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to colleagues from the Perm State National Research University: E. O. Bezmaternykh, M. V. Bogomaz, O. A. Berezina, A. D. Demenev, E. V. Gubina, A. S. Kazantseva, V. T. Khmurchik, I. V. Kitaeva, A. V. Krasikov, Ya. R. Polyakova, S. V. Pyankov, A. M. Sedinin, Yu. N. Shutova, as well as L. N. Basharina, I. Yu. Gerasimova, O. O. Dodonova, and other cavers for their help in the preparation of this scientific work. ix Introduction ThePermRegionisakindofamodelformostoftheprocessesofkarstdevelopment,despite thesmall area (1% ofRussia), whichischaracterizedbyawidevarietyofnatural conditions. Tectonically, this region is located at the junction of the East European platform and the Central Ural uplift, connecting with the latter through the Cis-Ural foredeep and the forward foldzoneoftheUrals.Thisdeterminesthepresenceofrocksofvariousagesandoriginsanda wide variety of minerals. About 30% of the territory is occupied by karst rocks: carbonates, sulfates, and salts. The location of the Region within the temperate zone, its considerable length in the meridional direction, and the complex relief determine the presence of latitudinal and altitu- dinal zoning. On the territory of the Region there are zones of taiga, subtaiga, and mountain tundra.AlmosttheentireRegionisthecatchmentareaoftheKamaRiver,thelargesttributary of the Volga River. Within the territory of the Region, two large reservoirs have been created—Kama (1954) and Votkinskoye (1964). The technogenic impact on the territory of karst development is also diverse. The Perm Region is an old industrial region with a long history of development, which began in the fifteenth century, when salt production emerged here. The first salt pans, built by the Stro- ganovmerchantsinthenorthoftheregion,servedasapowerfulincentivefortheinfluxofthe economically active population here. Soon after the discovery of salt deposits, copper sandstone deposits were found, on the basis of which the first copper smelter was built in 1640. In the eighteenth century, 16 ore deposits were discovered here, with the development of which the emergence of the largest metallurgical centers began. Smelting the metal required significant energy costs, which were compensated by the annealingofcharcoal.Bytheendoftheeighteenthcentury,charcoalwasreplacedbycoal.Its deposits were discovered in 1786 within the Kizel Coal Basin. 1929was marked bythediscovery ofthePermianoil.Someofthedepositsarelocated in areas of sulfate karst development. It is currently being produced at 800 wells. In addition to oil,oneoftheworld’slargestdepositsofpotassiumandmagnesiumsalts,Verkhnekamskoye, is being developed. Chromium ores, gold, diamonds, ornamental stones, building materials, etc. are mined. The natural resources of the region are the basis for the development of chemistry and petrochemistry, power engineering, mechanical engineering, metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper, and woodworking and mining industries. The level of resource availability and economic development made the Perm Region one ofthemostindustriallydevelopedregionsofRussia,butatthesametimeitcouldnotbuthave a significant impact on its natural and ecological potential and in some cases led to the technogenic activation of karst. Sulfaterocks—gypsumandanhydrite—spreadover23thousandkm2(15%)oftheterritory ofthePermRegionlargelydeterminetheoriginalityofitsnaturalconditions,primarilydueto the development of karst processes, which condition a wide variety of surface and under- ground landforms and their inherent landscapes. xi xii Introduction Sulfatekarst,incomparisonwiththecarbonateone,whichismorewidespreadintheworld, hasaspecificityassociated,firstofall,withthehighsolubilityofgypsumandanhydrite,and, accordingly, the activity of karst processes, which must be taken into account especially in conditions of intense anthropogenic impact. A distinctive feature of the Perm Region is the areas of joint occurrence of sulfate and salt-bearingrocks.Extensivewetlandsareformedhere,includingthelargestlakesinthePerm Region.Theareasofdevelopmentofsulfaterocksarecharacterizedbyextensivedepressions, swamps, an abundance of karst lakes, dry lands, and disappearing and reappearing rivers. Groundwater and surface waters contain large amounts of calcium sulfate, which in some cases make them unsuitable for water supply and create difficulties for the local population. A serious problem of sulfate karst regions is the development of sinkholes that damage buildings and structures, industrial enterprises, communications, and lead to the death of people. Karst regions are characterized by increased water exchange, low protection of ground- water from pollution, which contributes to the development of environmental problems. At the same time, gypsum and anhydrite are valuable mineral and construction resources. About 270 objects of sulfate rocks in 20 administrative districts are known in the Region. Karst forms—caves, lakes, rivers, and others—are unique natural monuments, some of them have been declared as specially protected natural areas. The Kungur Ice Cave is the oldest tourist cave in Russia, and the world’s longest underwater gypsum cave—The Orda Cave—is a world-famous center of underwater speleology. This monograph is devoted to these and other unique features of the sulfate karst regions of the Perm Region. The authors refer to regions of sulfate karst which includes both regions where only gypsumandanhydritearekarsted,andthosewheregypsumandanhydritearekarstedtogether with carbonate rocks and salts. The last major work devoted to this problem, “Karst and Caves of the Perm Region” was publishedontheinitiativeofK.A.Gorbunovain1992.Thezoningofkarstcarriedoutbyher has become generally recognized, and the monograph is widely cited in Russia and abroad. When writing this monograph, the authors adhere to the principles of zoning and the structure of the description of karst phenomena proposed by K. A. Gorbunova. Overthepastalmost30years,newdatahasappearedonsulfatekarstanditsmanifestations in regions not covered by the previous zoning. During the work on the monograph, the GIS “SulfateKarstofthePermRegion”wascreated,whichcontainsinformationonthenumberof karst sinkholes within the regions since 1920, places of discharge of sulfate waters, the presence of sulfate rocks in outcrops, coordinates of caves, their morphometric parameters, andexistingandtheproposedprotectednaturalareaswithmanifestationsofgypsumkarst.To summarize the information, the ArcGIS program was used. Based on this, some boundaries of the regions were clarified. The authors considered it possible to combine the karst sites identified by K. A. Gorbunova into a single Lysva Region, where sulfate rocks do not have continuous distribution, but the processes have common features. The study of the karst of the Perm Region began in the 60s of the eighteenth century and is reflected in the works of such scientists as I. P. Falk, I. I. Lepekhin, and G. Benedict. In the nineteenth–early twentieth centuries, the study of karst was continued by Chekletsov, Ryshkovsky, Meyer, Platonov, I. F. Erdman, M. Kittary, R. I. Murchison, P. I. Krotov, I. S. Polyakov, E. S. Fedorov, S. I. Sergeev, A. A. Kruber, N. I. Karakash, A. A. Shtuken- berg, and V. A. Varsanofieva. In the post-revolutionary period, significant contributions to research were made by G. Frederiks, N. P. Gerasimov and E. I. Tikhvinskaya, S. M. Orlyankin, S. Gurevich and E. A. Petrova, N. K. Tikhomirov, G. S. Burenin, V. P. Gulden- balk and M. S. Polozova, A. A. Turtsev, I. M. Pereslegin, and others. The first brief global reviews specifically dealing with gypsum karst were provided by Maximovich(1962).Sincethenknowledgeofgypsumkarst,intermsofitsmorphologicaland hydrogeological peculiarities, development mechanisms, and geographical distribution, has
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