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Suicide in Prisons: Prisoners’ Lives Matter PDF

208 Pages·2017·3.28 MB·English
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The defi nitive guide from two leading authors central to developments in the fi eld. An invaluable book which covers everything from theoretical and community research to precisely what is known about prisoners and the risk of their completing suicide. Covers the Haris Review and Government Response to it as wel as the stance of Suicide in Prisons politicians, reform groups and other leading experts on what in 2017 is an escalating problem for UK prisons. Contains analysis and data from over 30 years, bringing together key knowledge and information at a critical time of concern and attention. Prisoners’ Lives Matter A superb publication and coming at exactly the right time… cuts through “ the rhetoric with a forensic analysis of the problems coupled with prac- Graham J Towl and David A Crighton tical, low cost and rapidly achievable recommendations” — John Podmore, International Prisons Consultant and former prison Governor. Rarely has a book been more timely or pertinent than this one… a thorough, wide- “ ranging and nuanced account… which contextualises, describes and analyses 36 years of data… a call to arms for those working in penal research, policy and practice” — Philippa Tomczak, University of Sheffi eld. Places the issue fi rmly in the context of theoretical perspectives, recent research and expert commentaries… A book for practitioners, policy-makers, researchers and students alike” “ — Carol Robinson, University of York. An important book about a subject that receives too little attention” — John Bateson, San Francisco, author and former suicide prevention counsellor. “ Can be the starting point for changing opinions, policies, systems and lives for the better” — Elizabeth Scowcroft, Nottingham Trent University/The Samaritans. “ Particularly valuable for students interested in this important topic” — Dominic Aitken, Oxford University “ David A. Crighton is a Consultant Psychologist and Hon. Professor of Psychology at Durham University. Graham J. Towl is Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University and Visiting Clinical Professor at Newcastle University. USD $34.95/GBP £22.50/AUD $34.95 WATERSIDE PRESS Put ing justice into words WATERSIDE PRESS Foreword Lord Toby Harris www.WatersidePress.co.uk Suicide in Prisons Prisoners’ Lives Matter Towl & Crighton Suicide in Prisons Prisoners’ Lives Matter Graham J Towl and David A Crighton Foreword Lord Toby Harris WATERSIDE PRESS Suicide in Prisons: Prisoner’s Lives Matter Graham J Towl and David A Crighton ISBN 978-1-909976-44-3 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-910979-29-7 (Epub E-book) ISBN 978-1-910979-30-3 (Adobe E-book) Copyright © 2017 Tis work is the copyright of Graham J Towl and David A Crighton. All intellectual property and associated rights are hereby asserted and reserved by the author in full compliance with UK, European and international law. No part of this book may be cop- ied, reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, including in hard copy or via the internet, without the prior written permission of the pub- lishers to whom all such rights have been assigned worldwide. Cover design © 2017 Waterside Press by www.gibgob.com Printed by Lightning Source. Main UK distributor Gardners Books, 1 Whittle Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN23 6QH. Tel: +44 (0)1323 521777; Table of Contents Copyright and publications details ii Acknowledgments vi About the authors vii Te author of the Foreword viii Reviews ix Foreword ..............................................................................................................xi 1 Setting the Scene .......................................................................................... 15 Introduction 15 Human rights 16 Fresh perspectives 18 2 Teoretical Perspectives on Suicide .........................................................25 Introduction 25 Rationalist approaches to suicide 26 Medical models of suicide 27 Social Models of Suicide 31 Psychological theories of suicide 34 A theoretical model of suicide in prisons 39 Causation 40 Methodological problems in prison suicide 41 Similarities between suicide and suicide attempts 42 Protective factors 46 Te two-stage model of suicide 48 Applying the theory 48 3 Community Research into Suicide ..........................................................53 Introduction 53 iii Suicide in Prisons Defning suicide in the community 53 Epidemiological studies 54 Access and methods 65 Comparative Research 68 Conclusions Chapter 3 73 4 What We Know About Prisoners .............................................................75 Introduction 75 Family, Attitudes and Self-Control 76 Conclusions Chapter 4 89 5 Te Management of Suicide in Prisons ................................................... 91 Introduction 91 Prisons Service Instruction (PSI) 64/2011 92 Assessment, Care in Custody, Teamwork (ACCT) 93 6 Political and Expert Commentaries on Prisoner Suicide ................. 103 Introduction 103 Te Ministerial Council on Deaths in Custody 103 Te Harris Review 107 Government Response to the Harris Review 109 Prisons and Probation Ombudsman (PPO) 110 HM Inspector of Prisons 112 Howard League for Penal Reform (HL) 115 Refections upon the ideas to reduce suicide of the IAP, PPO, HMCIP and Howard League 116 7 Suicide in Prisons: Early Literature ........................................................121 Introduction 121 Early empirical studies 121 Australian studies 126 Prison suicide: studies of self-injury 129 Studies of completed suicides 132 Conclusions Chapter 7 139 iv Graham J Towl and David A Crighton 8 Suicide in Prisons: Modern literature .................................................... 141 Introduction 141 Gender 142 Ethnicity 142 Legal status 142 Mental Health 143 Ofence type 144 Time in custody 145 Care and support 145 Key fndings 146 Post-millennial studies 148 Conclusions Chapter 8 149 9 Suicide in Prisons an Empirical Study of Prisoner Suicides from 1978 to 2014 ................................................................................................................ 151 Introduction 151 Te data 152 Teoretical Implications 162 10 Future Directions ....................................................................................... 167 References 179 Index 194 v Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge with grateful thanks Dr Camila Caiado for her help with formatting the chapters. Our thanks also go to to those experts in various areas of the feld of prisoner suicide who read the manuscript ahead of publication and whose individual comments appear before the start of the book. vi About the authors Professor David A Crighton MA MSc PhD FBPsS FAcSS Chartered Psychologist, HCPC Registered Psychologist. David Crighton is a Consultant Psychologist and Honorary Profes- sor of Psychology at Durham University. He is also a Visiting Professor at Roehampton University, London and a number of other universities. He has longstanding research and practice interests in suicide within a range of forensic settings and has published extensively in this area. He has previously been a member of the World Health Organization Working Group on Suicide in Prisons and also contributed to the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Working Group on Violence in Secure Settings. He has previous experience of working in National Health Service foren- sic, mental health and forensic learning disability services and has been employed as a Consultant Clinical Psychologist in the NHS, as Regional Psychologist for Prisons and Probation in Kent, Surrey and Sussex, Lon- don, and as Deputy Head of Psychology for Prisons and Probation and Deputy Chief Psychologist in the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Justice. Professor Graham J Towl RMN, BA, MSc, MBA, DSc, FRSA, FBPsS, FRSM, FAcSS, Chartered Psychologist, HCPC Registered. Graham Towl is Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham Univer- sity and Visiting Clinical Professor at Newcastle University. Uniquely he is the recipient of both the British Psychological Society’s Award for Distinguished Contributions to Professional Psychology and for Distin- guished Contributions to Forensic Academic Knowledge. He was peer nominated as the most infuential forensic psychologist in the United Kingdom. His interest in prison suicide has spanned nearly 30 years with experience in practice, policy and research. He co-edited the standard British Psychological Society handbook on Suicide in Prisons in 2000 (with Martin McHugh and Louisa Snow). Along with David Crighton vii Suicide in Prisons he was the frst person in the UK to highlight the data on ethnicity when considering prisoner suicides. In the 1990s, he was a practitioner in prisons and chaired the National Research Forum of the Suicide Aware- ness Support Unit (SASU) within HM Prison Service. In 2000 he was appointed as Head of Psychological Services in Prisons and Probation for England and Wales. He remains an advocate of, evidence informed policy and practice implemented with kindness and a compassionately based professionalism. His publications include Preventing Self-injury and Suicide in Women’s Prisons (with Tammi Walker) (Waterside Press, 2016). The author of the Foreword Lord Toby Harris was Chair of the Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody from 2009 to 2015. In February 2014, he was asked by the Minister for Prisons to lead the review into self-inficted deaths in National Ofender Management Service (NOMS) custody. Tis was completed in April 2015, published in July 2015, and made recommen- dations to reduce the risk of such deaths. viii

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