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Sugarcane: Production, Consumption and Agricultural Management Systems PDF

397 Pages·2014·16.32 MB·English
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AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES S UGARCANE P , C RODUCTION ONSUMPTION A AND GRICULTURAL M S ANAGEMENT YSTEMS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. A I P GRICULTURE SSUES AND OLICIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab. AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES S UGARCANE P , C RODUCTION ONSUMPTION A AND GRICULTURAL M S ANAGEMENT YSTEMS ELEANORE WEBB EDITOR New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sugarcane : production, consumption and agricultural management systems / editor: Eleanore Webb. pages cm. -- (Agriculture issues and policies) ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:16)(cid:19) (eBook) 1. Sugarcane. I. Webb, Eleanore. II. Series: Agriculture issues and policies series. SB231.S85 2014 633.6'1--dc23 2014029140 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 The Influence of the Heterogeneity, Physicochemical and Structural Properties on the Recalcitrance and Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse 1 Celso Sant’Anna, Wanderley de Souza and Michel Brienzo Chapter 2 Sugarcane Crop Management in Brazil: Impact on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics 35 A. M. Silva-Olaya L. A. Frazão , and F. F. C. Mello Chapter 3 Economic Impact Assessment of Silting-Up and Erosion Processes: How Spatial Dynamic Models Coupled with Environmental Valuation Models Can Contribute to Sustainable Practices in Sugarcane Farming 61 Rodrigo de Campos Macedo, Cláudia Maria de Almeida, João Roberto dos Santos, Bernardo Friedrich Theodor Rudorff, Britaldo Alves Soares Filho, Herman Rodrigues and Wilson Cabral de Sousa Jr. Chapter 4 Environmental Implications of Using Waste from Sugarcane Industry in Agriculture 91 Rafael G. Botellho, Cintya A. Christofoletti, Jorge E. Correia and Valdemar L. Tornisielo vi Contents Chapter 5 Valorization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Waste to Produce Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics: A Brief Review 115 J. N. F. Holanda Chapter 6 Non-Linear Anisotropic Diffusion for Sugarcane Contour Extraction on Landsat - TM 127 Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos Galvanin, Paulo Henrique Hack de Jesus and Jéssica Cocco Chapter 7 Carbohydrate of Sugarcane Bagasse: Promising Biomass of Bioethanol 139 Junli Ren, Cundian Gao, Huiling Li, Aojie Deng and Runcang Sun Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Approaches for Analysis of Socio-Economic and Ecological Constraints for Diversification Projects and Sugarcane Biorefineries 193 Noé Aguilar-Rivera, Agustín Herrera-Solano, Vidal Enríquez-Ruvalcaba, Daniel Arturo Rodríguez-Lagunes and Adolfo Castillo-Moran Chapter 9 Integrated Management of Sugarcane (IMS): Use of Agricultural Residue 237 Adriana C. Lozano, Maritza Correa and Gloria M. Lopez Chapter 10 Developments in Mud Filtration Technology in the Sugarcane Industry 263 T. J. Rainey, O. P. Thaval and D. W. Rackemann Chapter 11 Environmental Impacts of Sugarcane Production, Processing and Management: A Chemist‘s Perspective 293 Solomon Omwoma, Moses Arowo, Joseph O. Lalah and Karl-Werner Schramm Chapter 12 Application of Vinasse to Sugarcane 331 Aneeza Soobadar Index 361 PREFACE Sugarcane is a C4, perennial, sucrose-storing grass belonging to the genus Saccharum (Arceneaux, 1965) that originated in Asia, and it is a cultivated crop in tropical and subtropical countries throughout the world. Among the countries cultivating sugarcane, Brazil is the largest producer. Sugarcane has been harvested for human and animal consumption for centuries, and in recent decades, it has been used for fuel production by juice fermentation (first- generation ethanol). The primary sugarcane by-products are molasses, used as ruminant feed and as a sugar substitute, and bagasse, a source of fibers for animal diets and bioelectricity. This book discusses the production, consumption and agricultural management systems of sugarcane. Chapter 1 - Sugarcane has been harvested for human and animal consumption for centuries, and in recent decades, it has been used for fuel production by juice fermentation (first-generation ethanol). The primary sugarcane by-products are the molasses, used as ruminant feed and as a sugar substitute, and the bagasse, a source of fibers for animal diets and bioelectricity. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the largest agro-industrial lignocellulosic resources generated as a by-product of the sugar and ethanol industry. Such biomass is a raw material intended to be used for the industrial production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol. The 2G ethanol from sugarcane has aroused great interest due to the need to reduce pollutant emissions as well as achieve fossil-fuel independence and energy security. Moreover, the ethanol production comes from a renewable resource and has a socioeconomic impact by promoting increased job opportunities. Sugarcane bagasse is essentially composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These biocomposites are highly organized in the plant cell wall as a rigid structure that is critical for cell growth and morphogenesis. Lignocellulosic biomass has viii Eleanore Webb long been recognized as a recalcitrant material due to its high natural resistance to degradation and biological conversion. This property makes the use of untreated material economically infeasible. To overcome the biomass recalcitrance, pretreatment strategies must be applied to deconstruct the cellulose-lignin-hemicellulose organization and properties for it to be viable to break down the cellulose into fermentable sugars by cellulolytic enzymes. The recalcitrance of a lignocellulosic biomass is determined by its inherent properties such as the heterogeneity of the physicochemical and structural complexity, which collectively are responsible for the organization of the plant biomass at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscales. The limiting factors related to the biomass recalcitrance at the macroscale include the plant anatomy, tissue organization, and cell diversity. At the microscale, the chemical composition, lignin concentration and localization, cell wall thickness, and lignin sealing of the cellulose and hemicellulose sheathing contribute to the recalcitrance. At the nanoscale, the length and crystallinity of the cellulose microfibrils and the cell wall matrix porosity impair biomass biodegradability. This review provides an overview of the physicochemical and structural features of sugarcane to understand their contribution to its recalcitrance, highlighting their intrinsic heterogeneity and properties. Chapter 2 - Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) is a C4 grass cropped in more than 70 countries. As a result of its photosynthetic cycle, this plant is highly efficient in turning solar radiation into biomass. In Brazil, sugarcane is cropped in about 10 Mha to obtain mainly sugar and ethanol, the latter of which is considered by international agencies an "advanced biofuel". However, as a monoculture with a crop cycle of six years, sugarcane is grown with agricultural practices that can potentially affect SOM dynamics and consequently interfere with the carbon balance of sugarcane ethanol. In this chapter the authors reviewed available data on management practices in sugarcane production, focusing on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts. Over the past 20 years there were significant improvements introduced in sugarcane agro-systems. One of most important improvements was the modification from the pre-harvest "burning management" to "green harvest" with maintenance of the dry leaves and tops in the field. This practice has potential benefits to the agricultural system and to SOM dynamics. Recent studies have verified a soil C accumulation rate of 1.5 Mg ha-1 year-1 and a potential reduction in N fertilization by 36% - 40% within 30 and 45 years after implementing a green harvest system. In this way, from a GHG perspective, the "green harvest" of sugarcane could reduce GHG emissions from N fertilizers whose emission factor has been estimated at

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