Sugarcane: Production, Consumption and Agricultural Management Systems

397 Pages·2014·16.32 MB·English

by  Eleanore Webb

AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES

S
UGARCANE

P , C
RODUCTION ONSUMPTION
A
AND GRICULTURAL
M S
ANAGEMENT YSTEMS

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A I P
GRICULTURE SSUES AND OLICIES

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AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES

S
UGARCANE

P , C
RODUCTION ONSUMPTION
A
AND GRICULTURAL
M S
ANAGEMENT YSTEMS

ELEANORE WEBB
EDITOR

New York
Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sugarcane : production, consumption and agricultural management systems / editor: Eleanore Webb.
pages cm. -- (Agriculture issues and policies)
ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:16)(cid:19) (eBook)
1. Sugarcane. I. Webb, Eleanore. II. Series: Agriculture issues and policies series.
SB231.S85 2014
633.6'1--dc23 2014029140

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 The Influence of the Heterogeneity, Physicochemical
and Structural Properties on the Recalcitrance
and Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse 1
Celso Sant’Anna, Wanderley de Souza
and Michel Brienzo
Chapter 2 Sugarcane Crop Management in Brazil:
Impact on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics 35
A. M. Silva-Olaya L. A. Frazão
,
and F. F. C. Mello
Chapter 3 Economic Impact Assessment of Silting-Up and
Erosion Processes: How Spatial Dynamic Models
Coupled with Environmental Valuation Models
Can Contribute to Sustainable Practices
in Sugarcane Farming 61
Rodrigo de Campos Macedo,
Cláudia Maria de Almeida,
João Roberto dos Santos,
Bernardo Friedrich Theodor Rudorff,
Britaldo Alves Soares Filho, Herman Rodrigues
and Wilson Cabral de Sousa Jr.
Chapter 4 Environmental Implications of Using Waste
from Sugarcane Industry in Agriculture 91
Rafael G. Botellho, Cintya A. Christofoletti,
Jorge E. Correia and Valdemar L. Tornisielo
vi Contents
Chapter 5 Valorization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Waste
to Produce Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics:
A Brief Review 115
J. N. F. Holanda
Chapter 6 Non-Linear Anisotropic Diffusion for Sugarcane
Contour Extraction on Landsat - TM 127
Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos Galvanin,
Paulo Henrique Hack de Jesus
and Jéssica Cocco
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate of Sugarcane Bagasse:
Promising Biomass of Bioethanol 139
Junli Ren, Cundian Gao, Huiling Li,
Aojie Deng and Runcang Sun
Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Approaches for Analysis
of Socio-Economic and Ecological Constraints
for Diversification Projects and
Sugarcane Biorefineries 193
Noé Aguilar-Rivera, Agustín Herrera-Solano,
Vidal Enríquez-Ruvalcaba,
Daniel Arturo Rodríguez-Lagunes
and Adolfo Castillo-Moran
Chapter 9 Integrated Management of Sugarcane (IMS):
Use of Agricultural Residue 237
Adriana C. Lozano, Maritza Correa
and Gloria M. Lopez
Chapter 10 Developments in Mud Filtration
Technology in the Sugarcane Industry 263
T. J. Rainey, O. P. Thaval and D. W. Rackemann
Chapter 11 Environmental Impacts of Sugarcane Production,
Processing and Management: A Chemist‘s Perspective 293
Solomon Omwoma, Moses Arowo,
Joseph O. Lalah and Karl-Werner Schramm
Chapter 12 Application of Vinasse to Sugarcane 331
Aneeza Soobadar
Index 361
PREFACE

Sugarcane is a C4, perennial, sucrose-storing grass belonging to the genus
Saccharum (Arceneaux, 1965) that originated in Asia, and it is a cultivated
crop in tropical and subtropical countries throughout the world. Among the
countries cultivating sugarcane, Brazil is the largest producer. Sugarcane has
been harvested for human and animal consumption for centuries, and in recent
decades, it has been used for fuel production by juice fermentation (first-
generation ethanol). The primary sugarcane by-products are molasses, used as
ruminant feed and as a sugar substitute, and bagasse, a source of fibers for
animal diets and bioelectricity. This book discusses the production,
consumption and agricultural management systems of sugarcane.
Chapter 1 - Sugarcane has been harvested for human and animal
consumption for centuries, and in recent decades, it has been used for fuel
production by juice fermentation (first-generation ethanol). The primary
sugarcane by-products are the molasses, used as ruminant feed and as a sugar
substitute, and the bagasse, a source of fibers for animal diets and
bioelectricity. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the largest agro-industrial
lignocellulosic resources generated as a by-product of the sugar and ethanol
industry. Such biomass is a raw material intended to be used for the industrial
production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol. The 2G ethanol from
sugarcane has aroused great interest due to the need to reduce pollutant
emissions as well as achieve fossil-fuel independence and energy security.
Moreover, the ethanol production comes from a renewable resource and has a
socioeconomic impact by promoting increased job opportunities. Sugarcane
bagasse is essentially composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These
biocomposites are highly organized in the plant cell wall as a rigid structure
that is critical for cell growth and morphogenesis. Lignocellulosic biomass has
viii Eleanore Webb
long been recognized as a recalcitrant material due to its high natural
resistance to degradation and biological conversion. This property makes the
use of untreated material economically infeasible. To overcome the biomass
recalcitrance, pretreatment strategies must be applied to deconstruct the
cellulose-lignin-hemicellulose organization and properties for it to be viable to
break down the cellulose into fermentable sugars by cellulolytic enzymes. The
recalcitrance of a lignocellulosic biomass is determined by its inherent
properties such as the heterogeneity of the physicochemical and structural
complexity, which collectively are responsible for the organization of the plant
biomass at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscales. The limiting factors related to
the biomass recalcitrance at the macroscale include the plant anatomy, tissue
organization, and cell diversity. At the microscale, the chemical composition,
lignin concentration and localization, cell wall thickness, and lignin sealing of
the cellulose and hemicellulose sheathing contribute to the recalcitrance. At
the nanoscale, the length and crystallinity of the cellulose microfibrils and the
cell wall matrix porosity impair biomass biodegradability. This review
provides an overview of the physicochemical and structural features of
sugarcane to understand their contribution to its recalcitrance, highlighting
their intrinsic heterogeneity and properties.
Chapter 2 - Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) is a C4 grass cropped in more than
70 countries. As a result of its photosynthetic cycle, this plant is highly
efficient in turning solar radiation into biomass. In Brazil, sugarcane is
cropped in about 10 Mha to obtain mainly sugar and ethanol, the latter of
which is considered by international agencies an "advanced biofuel".
However, as a monoculture with a crop cycle of six years, sugarcane is grown
with agricultural practices that can potentially affect SOM dynamics and
consequently interfere with the carbon balance of sugarcane ethanol. In this
chapter the authors reviewed available data on management practices in
sugarcane production, focusing on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and
greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts. Over the past 20 years there were
significant improvements introduced in sugarcane agro-systems. One of most
important improvements was the modification from the pre-harvest "burning
management" to "green harvest" with maintenance of the dry leaves and tops
in the field. This practice has potential benefits to the agricultural system and
to SOM dynamics. Recent studies have verified a soil C accumulation rate of
1.5 Mg ha-1 year-1 and a potential reduction in N fertilization by 36% - 40%
within 30 and 45 years after implementing a green harvest system. In this
way, from a GHG perspective, the "green harvest" of sugarcane could reduce
GHG emissions from N fertilizers whose emission factor has been estimated at