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Varucha Misra Santeshwari Srivastava Ashutosh Kumar Mall Editors Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing Volume 1 Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing (cid:129) (cid:129) Varucha Misra Santeshwari Srivastava Ashutosh Kumar Mall Editors Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing Editors VaruchaMisra SanteshwariSrivastava ICAR-IndianInstituteofSugarcane ICAR-IndianInstituteofSugarcane Research Research Lucknow,India Lucknow,India AshutoshKumarMall ICAR-IndianInstituteofSugarcane Research Lucknow,India ISBN978-981-19-2729-4 ISBN978-981-19-2730-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Misra (F/O Dr. Varucha Misra) Foreword The book entitled Sugar beet Cultivation, Management and Processing is a very useful compilation of excellent work on sugar beet that may prove to be the torchbearer in research field of this subject. The editors of this book have cast a broad net to assure how each topic is addressed by some of the world’s foremost experts of respective disciplines. Sugar beet is farmed and researched all over the world, as seen by the countries that made a significant contribution in this area. Duringthelasttwocenturies,sugarseemstohavebecomeastapledietwithayearly intakeof20kgperpersonaroundtheglobe,andconsumptionisexpectedtorisein thenearfuture.Domesticdemandforethanolisalsoincreasing,withprojectionsof 14.5billiongallonsin2021.Becauseofitsshortlifespanandtremendouspotential, sugarbeet isincreasinglyattractingagriculturalists,millers,andresearchersforthe manufacturing of ethanol. The editors have taken a keen interest in compiling information in the form of chapters on all essential aspects for high and quality production. In a straightforward, crisp, and succinct style, the book summarizes recentachievements andresearchinthiscrop. Thebook’sinformationissimpleto comprehend for the reader and will be of great use to those interested in this crop. Furthermore, the book’s contributors have provided up-to-date and high-quality information,enhancingthevalueofthiseditedvolume. BirsaAgriculturalUniversity,Kanke OnkarNathSingh Ranchi,Jharkhand,India vviiii Foreword Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is cultivated worldwide in many temperate countries likeEurope,NorthAmerica,Asia,SouthAmerica,andNorthAfrica.Itisanannual vegetative crop that has become a key source of sugar production in temperate countriesaroundtheworld.Sugarbeetvarietiescanadapttoavarietyofhabitatsand growing circumstances. Now its cultivation is being emerged in India after a long halt. It is utilized in diverse industries as raw materials, such as in bioethanol and molassesproductionandpectinextraction. Consideringthediverseusageandapplicationinsugarandotheragro-industries, this crop has been researched meticulously for the benefit of farmers and sugar millers. Several research papers on different aspects are being published, but it is very surprising that only limited information compiled in the form of a book is availableinthepublicdomain.Iamdelightedtohearaboutthiscompilationentitled Sugar beet Cultivation, Management and Processing by Varucha Misra, Santeshwari Srivastava, and A.K. Mall (eds) devoted specifically to sugar beet which will be published by Springer, Singapore. This book examines sugar beet production, processing, and management from a variety of perspectives, with a particular focus on sugar beet studies in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian countries. This will aid in boosting the long-term development of sugar beets around the world. An array of topics on this crop like crop production and management, mechanization in sugar beet, seed production, weed management, foliar and root diseases, diverse uses of by-products, insect pests, abiotic stress iixx x Foreword management,andapplicationofartificialintelligencehavebeencoveredinthisbook whichisofinterestforthereaders.Oneofthehighlightingsectionsineachchapteris offutureprospectsthatgiveanewroutetosugarbeetresearch. I appreciate the work of the editors who have cast a broad net to guarantee that each topic isaddressed by sugar beet researchers worldwide. This edited book isa compilation of 48 chapters by experienced sugar beet experts from continents of Asia, Europe, Africa, North and South America in different fields. This book containsin-depthinformationonavarietyofcontemporarysugarbeetdevelopment and establishment practices and technologies giving a glimpse of recent advancements.Researchersandpractitionersinterestedinunderstandingtheessen- tialdynamicsofsugarbeetcultivation,processing,anddiverseusageforitssustain- able development will find the book particularly useful and interesting. This book will serve as a reference book for them. The editor and authors should be commended for compiling so much current material in one spot. Sugar beet will beanimportantpartoftheindustry’sknowledgebaseandaspringboardforfurther advancement for the next one or two decades, serving practitioners and scholars alike. Iwishthiseditedbookagreatsuccess. InstituteofFieldandVegetableCrops JegorMiladinović NationalInstituteoftheRepublicofSerbia NoviSad,Serbia Preface Sugar beet isknownasanalternativecrop for sugar productionand isarenowned crop of temperate regions. It runs behind sugarcane in production of sugar contributing to 20% of sugar in the world. It is a biennial and short-duration crop withlesswaterrequirementcapabilitycomparedtosugarcane.Historically,thiscrop is considered to be a European crop and is known to cultivated in many other countriesworldwide. Indiaisalsoamongsuchfortunatecountrieswherethiscrophasbeenintroduced manyyearsago.ExhaustiveresearchworkonthiscrophasbeendoneinIndiaduring 1970s.ICAR-IndianInstituteofSugarcaneResearch,Lucknow,hasalwaysbeenin the leading role of sugar beet research in India along with other government institutesandsugarindustries.Thesearchfortherightlocationforseedproduction of indigenous and exogenous varieties is a great effort by Indian sugar beet researchers. Successful development of indigenous varieties like LS6, IISR Comp 1 is another achievement to the determination of the researchers. Agronomic practices for crop production and protection of Indian subtropical and tropical conditions have also been developed and standardized through several attempts. Identificationandmanagementofvariousdiseasesandinsectpestsonsugarbeetin Indianconditionshasalsobeenthoroughlyexplored.Inthecurrenttime,germplasm maintenance, seed production, post-harvest quality analysis, drought and saline tolerance, and ethanol production are some of the ongoing research areas. The chapters on seed and crop production, crop adaptability to Indian subtropical climaticconditions,identificationoffoliarandrootdiseases,insectpests,bioethanol production, and management measures for diseases and insects have discussed the effortsofIndianresearchinbrief. Improvementincropproductiontechnologieswiththeinvolvementofadvanced machinesandartificialintelligencehasfurtherstrengthenedthebaseofthiscropin theworld.Theincreasedusageofagriculturalapplicationsofdronesformonitoring andsurveillanceofdiseases,insects,andapplicationofinsecticidalsprayshasalso benefittedthiscrop.Imageprocessingtechniquesanddeeplearningtechniques,for disease detection, have great potential benefits for sugar beet protection technologies.Thechapteroncropproductionandmanagementofvariouscountries like Serbia, Turkey, mechanization for this crop, and new technologies for disease monitoring has thrown light on it. As improvement in crop production has always xi xii Preface beendoneforthefarmer’sbenefit,intercroppingofsugarbeetwithothercropshas been a good option for doubling farmers’ income. The cultivation package and practices have been clearly discussed in the chapter on the intercropping of sugar beetwithdifferentagriculturalcrops. Climatechangeisanotherkeyongoingissuethatisgivingbirthtoseveralabiotic stresses. Soil salinity and recurrent droughts are to name a few. The halophytic natural endowment helps sugar beet to not only grow but reclaim saline soil for cultivation,whereothercropslagbehind.Theincreasingfrequencyofwatershort- age in the world has strongly impacted sugar beet cultivation all over the world. Research have been performed and conclusive results have been obtained. The chapters on Sugar beet production under changing climate: Opportunities and Challenges Improving Sugar beet Production under Salinity Conditions, and DroughtstressManagementinthiscrophavecoveredtheworldwideresearchwork. Furthermore, sugar beet is identified as a promising feedstock for ethanol production. The ethanol blending with petrol in many countries has been the reason behindcatchingtheireyestowardsthiscrop.Onetonofsugarbeethasbeenknown to attain 100–120 L of ethanol, and this may exceed even through the recent advanced technologies being developed all over the world. Furthermore, this crop hasshownits versatile nature byits diverse usage indifferent fields. The molasses obtained after juice extraction is rich in betaine and is being used as a feed supplement. The non-sucrose dry matter and fleshy leaves are also used as fodder forlactatinganimalslikecattle.Thevinasseobtainedisbeingusedintheproduction of petrochemicals. Additionally, sugar beet pectin is now emerging as a natural ingredientforfoodandalliedindustrieslikepharmaceutical,cosmetic,andpolymer industries.Thechaptersbasedonproductionandutilizationofsugarbeetmolasses, prospectsandscopeofthiscropascattlefeed,diversifiedusageofsugarbeetpulp and pectin throw complete insight on the expanded application of by-products and recentprogressinthisfield. This book Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing is a complete packageofsugarbeetcultivationcoveringeveryessentialaspectforhighproduction andgoodyieldofsugarbeetcultivation,development,andcropmanagement,such as origin, breeding, seed production, physiology, pathology, entomology, biotech- nology,andpost-harvesttechnology,inaconciseway.Thisbookwillgivereaders anoverviewofsugarbeetcrop,beginningwiththeirorigins.Thebookendowswith the recent advancements and up-to-date knowledge and research on this crop. We hope this book will serve as a significant reference for students, researchers, scientists,industrialists,andentrepreneursassociatedwiththisfieldandwillemerge outwithnewerresearchideasandworkonthisissue. Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India VaruchaMisra SanteshwariSrivastava AshutoshKumarMall