Table Of Content

SUFFOLK'S DEFENDED SH()RE . . • '. - '. •, .-• . I" .".: ·."·'r :: . .. '. • -/ . , • , - ~--- ''''''- }{[[t\<;E SUFFOLK’S DEFENDED SHORE Coastal Fortifications from the Air SUFFOLK’S DEFENDED SHORE Coastal Fortifications from the Air Cain Hegarty and Sarah Newsome Contents Acknowledgements vii List of abbreviations viii 1 The big picture 1 2 An aerial perspective 4 3 From prehistory to the medieval period 11 4 The 16th to 19th centuries 15 5 The 20th century up to the Second World War 23 6 The Second World War 35 7 The Cold War era 76 8 The future of Suffolk’s coastal military remains 87 Bibliography 101 Sources and archives 104 Index 105 Acknowledgements Numerous organisations and individuals generously contributed support,adviceandmaterialtotheSuffolkCoastalNationalMapping Programmeprojectandthewritingofthisbook.Asthispublicationis abouttheapplicationofaerialphotographytoarchaeology,wewould like to begin by thanking all those who kindly allowed the reproduction of their aerial photographs, including the National Monuments Record, the Imperial War Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, The National Trust, Ordnance Survey, The Hammond Collection, The GoldsworthyCollection,Pre-ConstructArchaeologyandMrsJoanna Turner. Particular thanks go to Damian Grady for his excellent photographsofsomechallengingsubjects. Thanks also go to everyone who helped in our research and contributed to, or gave permission for, the reproduction of ground photography or illustrations.These include our colleagues at Suffolk County Council, the National Monuments Record, the Cambridge University Unit for Landscape Modelling (formerly CUCAP), the National Portrait Gallery, the Tank Museum, the Imperial War Museum,Douglas Atfield,Frank Gardiner,Adrian James,Louise K Wilson,NeilWylie,JohnSmith,PeterWhiteandPhilHadwen,Geoff Dewing, Orwell Park School and Bettina Furnée. Additionally the phasedplanoftheearthworksatOrfordCastleisbasedonthework of English Heritage’s Archaeological Survey and Investigation team. Particular thanks are given to the families of Mr Dennis Huett and MrLesDinning. As well as the research undertaken at the National Monuments Record,materialattheNationalArchivesandtheIpswichbranchof the Suffolk Record Office was also consulted. Both organisations kindly gave permission for the reproduction of material in their care andhelpedustousetheirarchiveseffectively. Wayne Cocroft, Jude Plouviez, John Schofield, Keith Wade and Helen Winton read drafts of the text and provided valuable comments which we have endeavoured to incorporate. Andrew Saunders read the final draft and we are grateful for his comments and hope that we have successfully tackled them in the final version ofthetext. Finally we would like to thank all our colleagues who have supported us during our time working on the Suffolk Coast NMP project and this book, particularly members of English Heritage’s Aerial Survey team whose individual contributions and support are toonumeroustomention.SuffolkCountyCouncil’sArchaeological Servicealsodeservesaspecialmention,particularlythesupportand advice we have received from Tom Loader and Jude Plouviez over thepastfiveyears. CainHegartyandSarahNewsome June2006 vii Abbreviations A&AEE AeroplaneandArmamentExperimentalEstablishment AA Anti-Aircraft AFV ArmouredFightingVehicle ARP AirRaidPrecautions AVRE ArmouredVehicleRoyalEngineers AWRE AtomicWeaponsResearchEstablishment CASL CoastalArtillerySearchlight CD CoastalDefence CH ChainHome CHEL ChainHomeExtraLow CHL ChainHomeLow CO CombinedOperations DoB DefenceofBritain(project) GCI GroundControlledInterception HAA HeavyAnti-aircraftArtillery HER HistoricEnvironmentRecord LST LandingShipTanks MoD MinistryofDefence MPP MonumentsProtectionProgramme NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation NMP NationalMappingProgramme NMR NationalMonumentsRecord OTH Over-The-Horizon(radar) RAC RoyalArmouredCorps RAF RoyalAirForce RFC RoyalFlyingCorps RNAS RoyalNavalAirService ROC RoyalObserverCorps SMR SitesandMonumentsRecord USAAF USArmyAirForce Note:Manyoftheaerialphotographsusedinthistextshowadetail ofanenlargementfromthereferencedimage.Thisandthedate whenthephotographwastakenresultsintheimagereproduction beingofavariablequality. Northistothetopofaverticalaerialphotographunlessindicated bythedirectionoftheredarrow viii