Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies ﺻﺮاع اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻓﺎرﻗ

225 Pages·2015·1.7 MB·English

Sudan University of Science and Technology
College of Graduate Studies

Power Conflict between Africans and Colonialists as Depicted in
Literary Texts Written by African Novelists

ﻦﯿﯿﺋاوﺮﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﺑدﻷا صﻮﺼﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻟاو ﺔﻗرﺎﻓﻷا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟا عاﺮﺻ
ﺔﻗرﺎﻓﻷا

A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Ph.D. in English Language (Applied Linguistics)
By:
Hillary Marino Pitia

Supervisor:
Prof. Abdel Rahim Hamid Mugaddam

2015
Dedication

To those engaged in social struggle that endeavour to
make this world a better place to live in, I dedicate this
work.

i
Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge a deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Abdel Rahim
Hamid Mugaddam for supervising this thesis; I am also indebted to him for
encouraging me to adopt Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a tool for
analyzing a literary text. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Ismail Mohamed
Fangama for valuable suggestions and constructive comments, to Dr. Nada
Sid Ahmed for the fruitful discussion we had at the College of Languages,
to Hassan Mahill for the interest he has shown in discussing CDA which has
joined us together, and to Dr. Bushari for his advice and support. I would
like to thank Prof. Ahmed Altayeb, the former Vice Chancellor of Sudan
University of Science and Technology for his assistance and help
particularly after the breakup of the country into two parts.
My thanks go to my colleagues at the Department of English language at
SUST for their help and support. I am particularly indebted to Dr. Komyangi
Bilal Elnour for his help and assistance during the course of this research. I
would like to thank my two elder brothers Kukur lo Pita and Peter Marino
for their moral and material support during the course of this research.
I would like to thank Mr Mohammed Tom for typing part of this thesis.
Thanks are due to all who supported me directly or indirectly.

ii
Abstract
This study aims at demonstrating how a close analysis of linguistics features
in some African literary texts can contribute to the comprehension of power
relations and ideological expressions in discourse as depicted by the African
novelists: Chinua Achebe, Tayeb Salih and Ngugi wa Thiong'o. The analysis
concentrates on the use of pronouns, speech acts, requests, models,
metaphors and diverse lexical choices. These linguistic aspects have been
chosen as primary tools for the analysis due to the fact that they are closely
related to the three types of constraints such as constraint on content or what
is said, relations, the social relations people enter into in discourse and
subjects or the subject positions people can occupy. The Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) has been adopted in response to such problems. It is the
main concern of (CDA) to study the minute details of linguistic structures in
light of social and historical situations of literary texts, to display to
consciousness the beliefs and values which are embedded in the language.
The study also adopted the content analysis as a method for collecting data
from the narratives; two instruments have been designed, one for
colonialism and decolonization processes and the other for the expression of
ideology in the works of African novelists mentioned earlier. The findings
revealed that 70% of linguistic expressions used by the colonial
administrator are in favour of the colonial power while 30% of linguistic
expressions used by Obierika are in favour of decolonization process.
However, in the second half of encounter, Obierika has used 66% of
linguistic expressions, which were in favour of the decolonization process.
This clearly signals the shift of power to Obierika groups; it is the power of
the African traditional beliefs.
iii
ةساردلا صلختسم
صىصُنا طؼت ٍف حَىغهنا خاًسهن قُقذنا مُهحرنا ٌأ فُك صاشتإ ًنإ حساسذنا ِزه فذهذ
اهسىص اًك باطخنا ٍف حُجىنىَذَلأا شُتاؼرناو ,حَىطهسنا خاقلاؼنا ىهف ٍف ىهسَ ذق حُقَشفلاا حُتدلأا
.ىقُُثأو ٍقىغَأو ,حناص ةُطناو ,ٍثُش اىُش لاثًنا مُثس ًهػ حقسافلاا ٌىُئاوشنا
جذػاسًنا لاؼفلأاو ,ةهطناو ,ولاكنا لاؼفاو ,شئاًعنا لاًؼرسا ًهػ صىصُهن مُهحرنا ضكس
ًاشظَ حُنوأ خاودأ حتاثًت حَىغهنا ةَاىجنا ِزه خشُرخا ذقو .حُظفهنا خاساُخنا فهرخيو ,خاساؼرسلااو
وأ يىرحًنا ًهػ ذُُقرنا :لاثًنا مُثس ًهػو ,ذُُقرهن حثلاثنا غاًَلأات قُثو غاثذسا خار اهَىكن
.طاُنا اههرحَ ٌزنا ضكاشًنا وأ حُػاًرجلاا خاقلاؼنا ًهػ ذُُقرناو ,مُق اي يشحلأات
حساسذت ًاساسأ ٌذقُنا مُهحرنا ًُؼَُو ,خلاكشًنا ِزهن حتاجرسا ٌذقُنا ٍتاطخنا مُهحرنا ذًرػا
,حُتدلأا صىصُهن حُخَسأرناو ,حُػاًرجلاا عاظولأا مظ ٍف حَىغهنا ةُكاشرهن حقُقذنا مُصافرنا
يىرحًنا مُهحذ جهُي حساسذنا دؼثذاو .حغهنا ٍف جشًعًنا ىُقناو ,خاذقرؼًنا ٌاُتو فشك ضشغت
غًجن اهُي ًنولاا ,حساسذنا ٍػ خاَاُثنا غًجن ٍُذادا ىًُصذ ىذو حُئاوشنا لاًػلأا ٍي خاَاُثنا غًجن
حُفُك ٍػ خاَاُثنا غًجن حَُاثناو ,شًؼرسًنا حعثق ٍي سشحرناو ,ساًؼرسلاا ٍرُهًػ ٍػ خاَاُثنا
.ىهشكر قثس ٍَزنا حقسافلاا باركهن حُئاوشنا لاًػلأا ٍف حُجىنىَذَلاا ٍػ شُثؼرنا
خءاج ٌساًؼرسلاا لوؤسًنا اهيذخرسا ٍرنا حَىغهنا شُتاؼرنا ٍي %07 ٌأ جئارُنا دفشك ذقو
خءاج )اكشُتوأ( حُصخش اهيذخرسا ٍرنا حَىغهنا شُتاؼرنا ٍي %07 اًُُت ,حَساًؼرسلاا جىقنا حناصن
اكشُتوأ وذخرسا ذقف حهجاىًنا ٍي ًَاثنا فصُنا ًف ٌأ لاإ ,شًؼرسًنا حعثق ٍي سشحرنا ححهصًن
لاقرَا ٍف ً اُهج كنر حعرَو ,شًؼرسًنا حعثق ٍي سشحرنا حُهًػ حناصن حَىغهنا شُتاؼرنا ٍي %66
.حُقَشفلأا حَذُهقرنا خاذقرؼًنا جىق ًهػ لذذ اهَإ اكشُتوأ حػاًجن حطهسنا
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
pages
Dedication i.
Acknowledgement ii.
ABSTRACT iii.
ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻣ iv.
TABLE OF CONTENTS v.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi.
LIST OF DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS vii.
LIST OF GRAPHS viii.
LIST OF TABLES ix.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Overview 1
1.1 Statement of the problem 3
1.2 The objectives of the study 4
1.3 Research questions 5
1.4 Research hypotheses 5
1.5 Significance of the study 5
1.6 The scope of the study 6
1.7 Methodology 7
CHAPTER TWO
Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 8
Part one: 8
Theoretical framework 9
2.0 Introduction 9
2.1 Colonialism and Decolonization: Fanon and Cesaire 9
2.1.0 The psychological dimension of colonialism 9
2.1.1 Economy of newly independent nation 11
2.1.2 The colonial policies 11
2.1.3 The notion of discourse. 12
2.1.4 The critical impetus 15
2.1.5 Ideology and Power 15
2.1.6 Political scientists and four central characteristics of 15
ideologies:
2.3 The main tenets of CDA are summarized as follows: 19
2.4 Macro vs. Micro: 19
2.5 Power as control: 20
2.6Types of power: 21
2.7 Re-visiting the past and Re-imagining the continent 21
2.8 Things Fall Apart 25
2.9 Post-Colonial Literatures as Counter-Discourse: 26
2.9.0Wodak's views on CDA: 29
2.9.1 Recent Development in CDA 29
2.9.2 Understanding the Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis 31
2.9.3 Tenets of the CDA: 32
2.9 .4 Discourse and Language 34
2.9.5 How to Conduct Critical Discourse Analysis 35
2.9.6 Critical Science Approach: 40
2.9.7 Critical Discourse Analysis 41
2.9.8 Part two: summary of papers and Review of previous studies 41
Paper one: 41
Paper Two: 42
Paper three: 43
Paper four: 47
Paper Five: 47
Paper Six: 48
Part two: Review of Previous Studies 49
the Conclusion: 54
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction 55
3.1Content analysis (coding) system 57
3.2 Methodology: 61
3.3Tools of data Collection 63
3.4The Tool for colonialism and decolonization processes 64
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction 72
4.1 Literary Works’ Components 73
4.1.0 Works by African Novelists 74
4.1.1. The quantitative data analysis and qualitative content 74
analysis
4.1.2 Percentages of Colonialism and decolonization process 74
4.1.3Summary of Season of Migration to the North 74
4.2 Ideological analysis for Season of Migration to the North 106
4.3. Works by African Novelists 111
4.4. The quantitative data analysis and qualitative content analysis 111
4.5. Summary of Things Fall Apart 111
4.6. The Analysis 115
4.7. Expression of Ideology 132
4.8.Works by African Novelists (Weep Not, Child) 141
4.9. The quantitative data analysis and qualitative content analysis 141
4.9.0. A summary of Weep Not, Child (1964) By 141
NgugiwaThiong'o
4.9.1. Kiarie’s Speech encompassing various dimensions 142
4.9.2. The Analysis 147
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
5.0 Introduction 179
5.1 Hypotheses and research questions 179
5.1.1 Summary of results about colonialism and decolonization 180
5.1.2 Tabulation of Results 185
5.1.3 Summary of results about the expression of ideology 186
5.1.4 Conclusions 188
5.2.1 Recommendations for further studies 189
References 190
Appendices 200
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
CDA Critical Discourse Analysis
CSA Critical Science Approach
DC & D Dimensions of Colonialism and Decolonization
QCA Qualitative Content Analysis
ID Ideological Dimension
SMN Season of Migration to the North
TFA Things Fall Apart
WNC Weep Not, Child

EDC English District Commissioner