Sudan, oil and human rights

772 Pages·2003·17.9 MB·English

by  Jemera Rone

Sudan, Oil and Human Rights
Human RightsWatch
Brussels London NewYork Washington, D.C.
1
Copyright©2003byHumanRightsWatch.
Allrightsreserved.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
ISBN:1564322912
CoverdesignbyRafaelJimenez
AddressesforHumanRightsWatch
350FifthAvenue,34thFloor,NewYork,NY 10118-3299
Tel:[phone],Fax:[phone],E-mail:[email protected]
1630ConnecticutAvenue,N.W.,Suite500,Washington,DC20009
Tel:[phone],Fax:[phone],E-mail:[email protected]
2ndFloor,2-12PentonvilleRoadLondonNl9HF,UK
Tel:[phone],Fax:[phone],E-mail:[email protected]
15RueVanCampenhout,1000Brussels,Belgium
Tel:[phone],Fax:[phone],E-mail:[email protected]
WebSiteAddress:http://www.hrw.org
Listservaddress:ToreceiveHumanRightsWatchnewsreleasesbyemail,
subscribetotheHRWnewslistservbysendingablanke-mailmessageto
[email protected]
HumanRightsWatchisdedicatedtoprotectingthehumanrightsof
peoplearoundtheworld.
Westandwithvictimsandactiviststopreventdiscrimination,touphold
politicalfreedom,toprotectpeoplefrominhumaneconductinwartime,
andtobringoffenderstojustice.
Weinvestigateandexposehumanrightsviolationsandholdabusers
accountable.
Wechallengegovernmentsandthosewhoholdpowertoendabusive
practicesandrespectinternationalhumanrightslaw.
Weenlistthepublicandtheinternationalcommunitytosupportthe
causeofhumanrightsforall.
HUMANRIGHTSWATCH
Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of
humanrightsabusesinsomeseventycountriesaroundtheworld. Our
reputationfortimely,reliabledisclosureshasmadeusanessentialsource
ofinformationforthoseconcernedwithhumanrights.Weaddressthe
humanrights practices ofgovernments ofallpolitical stripes, ofall
geopolitical alignments, and ofall ethnic and religious persuasions.
HumanRightsWatchdefendsfreedomofthoughtandexpression,due
processandequalprotectionofthelaw,andavigorouscivilsociety;we
document and denounce murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary
imprisonment, discrimination, and other abuses of internationally
recognizedhumanrights. Ourgoalistoholdgovernmentsaccountable
iftheytransgresstherightsoftheirpeople.
Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding ofits
Europe andCentralAsia division (then known as Helsinki Watch).
Today,italsoincludesdivisionscoveringAfrica,theAmericas,Asia,and
the MiddleEast. Inaddition, itincludes threethematic divisions on
arms,children'srights,andwomen'srights.ItmaintainsofficesinNew
York,Washington,LosAngeles,London,Brussels,Geneva,Moscow,
Tashkent,Tblisi,andBangkok.HumanRightsWatchisanindependent,
nongovernmentalorganization,supportedbycontributionsfromprivate
individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government
funds,directlyorindirectly.
ThestaffincludesKennethRoth,executivedirector;MicheleAlexander,
developmentdirector;CarrollBogert,associatedirector;Barbara
Guglielmo,financedirector;LotteLeicht,Brusselsofficedirector;Maria
PignataroNielsen,humanresourcesdirector;IainLevine,program
director;Ron-Mungoven,advocacydirector;WilderTayler,legaland
policydirector;andJoannaWeschler,UnitedNationsrepresentative.
TheregionaldivisiondirectorsofHumanRightsWatcharePeter
Takirambudde,Africa;JoseMiguelVivanco,Americas;BradAdams,
Asia.ThethematicdivisiondirectorsareSteveGoose,Arms,Lois
Whitman,Children'sRights;andLaShawnR.Jefferson,Women's
Rights.TheprogramdirectorsareArvindGanesan,Businessand
HumanRights;JoanneCsete,HIV/AIDSandHumanRights;Richard
Dicker,InternationalJustice;andJamieFellner,U.S.Program.
JonathanFantonistheChairoftheboardofdirectorsandRobertL.
BernsteinistheFoundingChair.Themembersoftheboardofdirectors
areKhaledAbouElFadl,LisaAnderson,LloydAxworthy,David
Brown,WilliamCarmichael,DorothyCullman,EdithEverett,Michael
Gellert,VartanGregorian,JamesF.Hoge,Jr.,StephenL.Kass,Marina
PintoKaufman,WendyKeys,RobertKissane,BruceKlatsky,Joanne
Leedom-Ackerman,JoshMailman,JoelMotley,SamuelK.Murumba,
JaneOlson,PeterOsnos,KathleenPeratis,CatherinePowell,Sigrid
Rausing,OrvilleSchell,SidSheinberg,GaryG.Sick,DomnaStanton,
JohnJ.Studzinski,ShibleyTelhami,MaureenWhite,andMayaWiley.
EmeritusBoard:RolandAlgrant,AdrianDeWind,AliceH.Henkin,
BruceRabb,andMalcolmSmith.
MAPA:SUDAN
SUDAN, OIL,AND HUMAN RIGHTS
GLOSSARIES 2
TheConcessionHolders: 2
PastPlayers: 4
MAPB:OILCONCESSIONSINCENTRALANDSOUTHERN
SUDANASOFAUGUST2002 5
MapC:OILACTIVITYANDTHESCENEOFWARINWESTERN
UPPERNILE,ASOFOCTOBER31,2002 6
MAPD:ETHNICGEOGRAPHYINWESTERNUPPERNILE 7
MainRebelandMilitiaForcesinSouthernSudanNamedinthis
Report 8
KeySouthernIndividualsNamedinThisReport 12
KeyNon-SouthernIndividualsNamedinThisReport 19
GlossaryofTermsandAbbreviations 23
SUMMARY 48
TheDisplaced 52
Sudan'sLandandPeoples 58
OilinSudan:TheCorporateHoldings 60
GovernmentStrategyofDivideandDisplace 67
GovernmentRevenuefromOilandExpendituresonArms 79
CorporateResponsibility 81
TalismanandtheCanadianGovernment 93
TheRoleoftheU.S 94
Postscript:PeaceTalksUpdate2003 97
PARTI:OILINSOUTHERNSUDAN: 101
EARLYDEVELOPMENTS 101
BACKGROUND 101
Blocks1,2,4,and5Aand5B:OilGeography 101
HumanPopulation 106
MapsandTaxRecordsofNuerandDinkaPresence 107
TheLivingPatternsofDinkaandNuer 114
RelationsbetweenBaggara,andNuerandDinka 116
Independence,CivilWar,andtheAddisAbabaAgreement 118
THECHEVRONPERIOD:1974-92 123
Overview 123
ChevronOilConcessions 126
SouthernFearsaboutOilDevelopment 128
ResumptionofCivilWar 130
FormationofSPLAI/A inEthiopia,1983 132
GovernmentUseoftheBaggaraasaForcedDisplacementTool,
1980s 134
ChevronAttemptsandFailstoDeveloptheOilfields 144
OverthrowofPresidentNimeiri,ChevronPullsOut,1985 148
CivilWarandPoliticalDevelopments 149
Elections1986,MilitaryCoup1989 149
SPLAControlofWesternUpperNile 150
GovernmentUseofPaulinoMatiep'sNuerMilitia 152
GovernmentArmyDisplacementofNuerfromtheOilfields,1990
154
SPLM/ASplit;RiekMacharHeadsBreakawayFaction,1991 155
THEARAKISPERIOD:1992-98 160
Overview 160
ArakisEnergy'sStruggletoDeveloptheOilfields 162
EarlyProblemsforArakis,1992-93 162
FormationofGNPOCConsortium,1996 164
Divide,Displace,andDestroyintheOilAreas 166
Army/Muraheleendisplacement,1992-98 166
The1996PoliticalCharterandthe1997KhartoumPeace
Agreement 171
ContestedElectionsandDisplacementbytheNuerMilitias,1996-
98 177
PARTII:OILFUELSTHEWAR 182
OILDEVELOPMENTANDDISPLACEMENT 182
INBLOCK5A,1996-98 182
Overview 182
Lundin(IPC)EnterstheScene,1996 183
TheSignificanceoftheGNPOCPipeline 185
Block5AOperationsin1998 186
FightingandDisplacementofNuerCommunitiesinBlock5A,May-
October1998 190
GovernmentDepopulatesBlock5A,1998 191
GovernmentArmyandPaulinoMatiepMilitiainLer,1998 194
ReliefAgenciesNoteForcedDisplacementandDevastationin
WesternUpperNile,1998 204
THEWUNLITNUER-DINKARECONCILIATIONPROCESS,1999
210
Overview 210
TheWestBankNuer/DinkaPeople-to-PeoplePeaceand
ReconciliationConference,February-March1999 211
PurposeoftheWunlitConference 211
ParticipantsattheWunlitConference 215
ProceedingsandResolutionsattheWunlitConference 219
OILSUCCESSESFORGOVERNMENTDESPITEREBELMILITARY
OPPOSITION:TALISMANSTEPSIN,1998-99 223
Overview 223
TalismanBecomesNewLeadPartnerforBlocks1,2,and4,Mid-
1998 225
GovernmentInauguratesOilPipelineinHeglig,May1999 229
GovernmentInauguratesKhartoumOilRefinery,June1999 230
FirstOilExportsFlowfromSudan,August1999 231
IncidentsofPipelineSabotage,1999 233
GovernmentRelationswithSouthernMilitias,1999 237
DivisionsinPaulinoMatiep'sBuiNuerMilitia,October1998-
September1999 237
GovernmentFomentsDivisionofSSDFIntoSmallerNuerMilitias
239
DisputeoverBlock5AOilfieldsbetweenGovernmentandSSDF,
Early1999 241
GovernmentCallsforMilitaryVolunteerstoDefendOilfields,1999
244
DISPLACEMENTANDDEVASTATIONINBLOCK1,1999 247
Overview 247
GovernmentCampaignofForcibleDisplacementfromBlock1,
February-July1999 247
BATTLEFORCONTROLOVERBLOCK5A, 260
April-June1999 260
Overview 260
BattleforControlofBlock5A:FirstRebelAttackonOilOperations
Since1984;LundinEvacuates,May1999 262
FightingBeginsAsArmyTroopsAttempttoOccupyOilRig....267
GovernmentArmyOccupiesLundinDrillingSite;MilitiaForces
ChaseCiviliansandSSDFRebelstoaDistantCornerofBlock5A
272