Subsurface Hydrology (2006)(1st ed.)(en)(488s)

484 Pages·2006·15.099 MB·English

by  George F. Pinder, Michael A. Celia

SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY
GEORGE F. PINDER
UniversityofVermont
MICHAEL A. CELIA
PrincetonUniversity
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.PUBLICATION

SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY

SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY
GEORGE F. PINDER
UniversityofVermont
MICHAEL A. CELIA
PrincetonUniversity
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.PUBLICATION
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Pinder,GeorgeFrancis,1942–
Subsurfacehydrology/GeorgeF.Pinder.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-471-74243-2 (cloth)
ISBN-10:0-471-74243-0(cloth)
1. Groundwater.2. Groundwater—Pollution. I.Celia,MichaelAnthony.II.
Title.
GB1003.2.P532006
551.49—dc22
2006001185
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10987654321
ToPhyllisandLin

CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
1 WATERANDTHESUBSURFACEENVIRONMENT 1
1.1 Groundwater Hydrology / 1
1.2 Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle / 2
1.3 Groundwater as a Resource / 4
1.4 Groundwater and the Subsurface / 5
1.5 The Near-Surface Environment / 7
1.5.1 Soil / 7
1.6 Porosity / 19
1.6.1 Primary Porosity / 19
1.6.2 Secondary Porosity / 19
1.7 Soil Water / 26
1.8 Groundwater Contamination / 27
1.8.1 Naturally Occurring Groundwater Contaminants / 28
1.8.2 Anthropogenic Contaminants / 32
1.8.3 Superfund / 41
1.9 Quantitative Analysis of Groundwater Problems / 44
1.9.1 Governing Equations / 46
1.9.2 Field Data / 47
1.9.3 Behavior of Groundwater Systems / 48
1.10 Summary / 48
1.11 Problems / 48
Bibliography / 50
vii
viii CONTENTS
2 FLUIDFLOWANDMASSTRANSPORT 52
2.1 Fluid Pressure / 52
2.2 Hydraulic Head / 56
2.3 Fluid Potential / 57
2.4 Concept of Saturation / 62
2.5 The Darcy Experiment / 70
2.5.1 Extended Forms of Darcy’s Law / 85
2.5.2 Example of a Groundwater Flow Velocity Calculation in Two
Dimensions / 89
2.5.3 Additional Concepts of Fluid Potential / 93
2.6 Fluid Flow and Mass and Energy Fluxes / 94
2.6.1 Convection, Diffusion, and Dispersion / 95
2.6.2 The Phenomena of Adsorption and Retardation / 99
2.7 Summary / 102
2.8 Problems / 102
Bibliography / 105
3 THEGEOLOGICSETTING 106
3.1 Unconsolidated Deposits / 106
3.1.1 Clastic Sedimentary Environment / 106
3.1.2 Precipitate Sedimentary Environment / 113
3.1.3 Glacial Environments / 113
3.2 Consolidated Rocks / 122
3.3 Metamorphic Rocks / 125
3.4 Igneous Rocks / 127
3.5 Geologic Time / 133
3.5.1 The Hadean Era / 134
3.5.2 The Archaean Era / 134
3.5.3 Proterozoic Era / 134
3.5.4 Paleozoic Era / 135
3.5.5 Mesozoic Era / 141
3.5.6 Cenozoic Era / 145
3.6 Field Investigation / 147
3.6.1 Near-Surface Investigation / 147
3.6.2 Deep Subsurface Investigation / 148
3.7 The Hydrogeological Record / 151
3.7.1 The Cross Section / 152
3.7.2 The Contour Map / 156
3.8 The Measurement of State Variables / 157
3.8.1 Water-Level Measurements / 157
3.8.2 Solute Concentration Measurements / 159