Substance Abuse, Drugs & Addictions Guidebook

114 Pages·2009·14.52 MB·English

Contents
Part I 4
t&uf 4
Alcohol 5
tefzufwrif;/ &mbjrif;aq;/ tufcfawqD 12
AMphetAMIne, YAbA, ecstAsY 13
bifZdk'kdif&mqDyif tkyfpk0if tdyfaq;rsm; 18
benzodIAzepInes 19
uGrf;oD;ESifh uGrf;&Guf (uGrf;,m) 24
betel nut And betAl leAf (KwAn-YA) 25
aq;ajcmuf 30
cAnnAbIs 31
ukduif; - c&ufcf 36
cocAIne - (crAcK) 37
ukd'if; 42
codeIne 43
bdef;jzL 46
heroIn 47
taiG@ysHvG,faom aq;rsm;okd@r[kwf &SLaq;rsm; 54
VolAtIle substAnce or InhAlAnts 55
rufom'kH; 62
MethAdone 63
bdef; 68
opIuM 69
aq;&Guf}uD; 74
tobAcco 75
Part II 80
aq;tvGJokH;pm;jyKrDS0Jjcif;tay: a,bk,stjrifrsm; 80
GenerAl VIews of substAnce Abuse 81
t&ufpGJjcif;. a&&SnftusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm; 86
chronIc effects of AlcoholIsM 87
aq;okH;yrm%vGefoGm;&mwGif pDrHukoay;jcif; 94
MAnAGeMent In substAnce Abuse oVerdose 95
aq;pGJjcif;twGuf pdwfykdif;qkdif&mESpfodrfhynmay;jcif; 102
psYcho-counsellInG for substAnce Abuse 103
Glossary 110
The procedures, explanations and treatments provided in this publication are based on research and consultation with medical and nursing
authorities. They all reflect accepted medical practices. Nevertheless they cannot be considered as absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, the editor and the publisher disclaim responsibility for any adverse effects resulting directly or indirectly from the suggested
procedures, from any undetected errors, or from the reader’s misunderstanding of the text.
Aide Médicale Internationale
21/22-26 Maetao Road, Maesot, Tak 63110 Tel: [phone] Mail: [email protected]
II
drug Abuses
aq;tvGJokH;pm; rSD0Jjcif;
t,f'Dwmhtmabmf editorial
aq;tvGJokH;pm;jyKrDS0Jjcif;onf t&ufESifh w&m;r0if Substance abuse refers to the harmful or
aq;0g;rsm; tygt0if pdwfykdif;qkdif&m v_H@aqmfwuf=uGapaom hazardous use of psychoactive substances, in-
aq;rsm;ukd tEW&m,f&SdpGm okd@r[kwf ab;&efrsm;pGmjzifh cluding alcohol and illicit drugs. It can also be
okH;pGJjcif;jzpfonf? 4if;ukd pdwfykdif;qkdif&m ajymif;vJap&ef simply defined as a pattern of harmful use of
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh aq;rsm;ukd tEW&m,f&SdatmiftokH;jyKjcif;ykHpH any substance for mood-altering purposes.
[lIvnf; &kd;&Sif;pGm zGifhqkd=uonf? Generally, when most people talk about
a,bk,stm;jzifh vltrsm;pkonf aq;tvGJokH;pm;jyK rSD0J substance abuse, they are referring to the use
jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; ajymqkd=uaomtcg w&m;r0ifaq;0g;rsm; of illegal drugs. But illegal drugs are not the
ukdom&nfn$ef;ajymqkd=uonf? okd@aomf w&m;r0ifaq;0g; only substances that can be abused. Alcohol,
qkdonfrsm;omvsif tvGJokH;pm;jyK&aom aq;ypPnf;rsm; prescribed medications, inhalants and even
r[kwf=uyg? t&uf/ aq;n$ef;yg aq;0g;rsm;/ r_wfaq;/ coffee and cigarettes, can be used to harmful
&SLaq;rsm;ESifh aumfzD/ pD;u&ufwkd@ukdyif tEW&m,f excess.
&Sdavmufonftxd yrm%rsm;pGmokH;pGJEkdifonf?
Substance abuse can lead to dependence
aq;tvGJokH;pm;jyKrDS0Jjcif;onf aq;pGJjcif; a&m*gpk-
syndrome - a cluster of behavioural, cognitive,
t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm okH;pGJ+yD;aemuf tjyKtrlykdif;qkdif&m/
and physiological phenomena that develop
tawG;tac:ykdif;ESifh ZD0urRaA'qkdif&mjzpfpOftpkrsm;okd@
after repeated use including a strong desire
OD;wnfoGm;Ekdifonf? xkda&m*gpkwGif yg0ifonfrSm aq;okH;
to take the drug, persisting in its use despite
&efqENjyif;jyaejcif;/ tEW&m,frsm;aom tusdK;qufrsm;ukd
harmful consequences, increased tolerance,
odaomfvnf; qufvufokH;pGJaejcif;/ aq;tmedoifukd cHEkdif
and a physical withdrawal state.
&nf wkd;vmjcif; ESifh &kyfykdif;qkdif&mt& aq;rokH;&vSsif jzpfay:
In this guidebook, based upon the situa-
vmonfh tajctaersm; yg0ifonf?
tion in our community, we present the most
Tvrf;n$efpmtkyfwGif uGsEkfyfwdk@vl@abmiftzGJtpnf;.
common substances that are often abused,
tajctaetvkduf rsm;aomtm;jzifh okH;pGJaeonfhvlodtrsm;
how they are used, their street names, and
qkH;aq;rsm;/ ypPnf;rsm;/ rnfuJhokd@tokH;jyKykHrsm;/ aps;uGufwGif
their intoxicating and health effects.
0,f,lEkdifaomtrnfrsm;/ tqdyfoifhr_ESifh usef;rma&; tay:
oufa&mufr_rsm;ukd }udK;pm;wifqufxm;ygonf?
contributors
Project Manager: Augustin Remay, Paul Duke Medical Editor: Dr. Min Editorial Committee: Dr. Ioana Crestescu-
Kornett, Anne-Gael Roure, Dr. Zaw Win, Dr. Folaranmi Ogunbowale, Dr. Marcus Rijken, Cecilie Alessandri, Raphaele
Catillon, Dr. Myo, Dr. Khin Cho, Erika Pied Distributor: Manit Tipbanjongsuk Graphic Designer: Patrice Leroy
Illustrator: Anchalee Areewong, Wilasinee Wikaparn Proof reader: Kim Wolfenden, Dr. Khin Cho Printer: JCC
III
t&uf
• ykHpHtrsdK;tpm; - te@Haysmh+yD; ta&mifrJhI taiG@ysHvG,faom t&nf
• rsdK;pdwf - armfvDusL;tav;csdef enf;aom [kduf'&kdumAGefygonfh
tcsOfazmufcH atmf*if;epfj'yfaygif;
• "mwkaA'trnf- tDoaem
• vlodrsm;aom trnf - bl;Zf/ b&l;/ ukd;vf0rf;/ tazsmf&nf/
tcsOf&nf/ AGDEkd/ [uf'fpwzwf (ypPnf;rm)
ta=umif;t&mESifh vlodrsm;aom tcsufrsm;
Characteristics and Global Facts
t&ufonf pGJvrf;apwwfaom rl;,pfaq;rsm;wGif vlodtrsm;qkH;ESifh vlokH;trsm;qkH;jzpfonf? 4if;ukd Alcohol is the most popular and most abused drug of dependence. It is de-
t&ufokd@r[kwf aumufESHrsm;ukd tcsOfazmufjcif;rS xkwfvkyfonf? t&ufwGif rwluGJjym;aom rived from the fermentation of sugars or cereals. It comes under different
emrnfESifh wHqdyftrsdK;rsdK;&Sd+yD; ,rumtoGifjzifhvnf;aumif;/ aq;ukor_. wpdwfwykdif;ESifh tpm;tpm names and brands, in different forms of beverages, part of medication and as
xkwfukefrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh ypPnf;tjzpf &Sdonf? rwluGJjym;aom wHqdyfrsm;ay:rlwnf+yD; t&ufyg0ifr_ an ingredient in food extracts. The level of alcohol content varies across the
yrm%rsm;uvnf; jcm;em;onf? t&ufukd tvG,fwul 0,f,l&&SdEkdifaoma=umifh vltrsm;tjym; different brands. Its abuse is common because of its widespread availability.
t&ufaomufavh&Sd=uonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;a=umifh ao;i,faomjy\emrsm;rSonf touftEW&m,fxdckdufEkdifonftxd Alcohol consumption causes problems which vary in severity from mild to
jyif;xefaom jy\emrsm;ukd jzpfay:ap+yD; wpfOD;csif;/ aomufol. rdom;pkESifh vl@abmifwpfckvkH;ukd life threatening and affect the individual, the person’s family and society in
rsm;vSpGmaom qkd;&Gm;onfhenf;rsm jzifh xdckdufavh&Sdonf? t&ufukd q,fausmfoufrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;rS numerous adverse ways. Alcohol is mainly used by the teenage, adult and
txl;ojzifh trsdK;om;rsm;rS t"du aomufavh&Sdonf? t&ufukd ukduif;/ bdef;jzLtp&Sdonfh tjcm;rl;,pf mostly male population. It can be taken with other drugs like cocaine, heroin,
aq;rsm;ESifhvnf;twlokH;Ekdifonf? t&ufaomufjcif; okd@r[kwf t&ufukd wyfrufrSDckdaejcif;tm; t&uf etc. Alcohol abuse or dependence is called alcoholism.
pGJjcif;[kac:onf?
okH;pGJEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;
Ways of Administration
t&ufukd t"dutm;jzifh yg;pyfrS aomufokH;avh&Sd=uonf? qkdvkdonfrSm t&ufaomufokH;=uonf? Alcohol is mainly taken orally, i.e. by drinking it.
aq;tmedoif. vuQ%mrsm;
Presentative symptoms
tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm; • vdifykdif;qkdif&m Eld;qGjcif;tm; ajymif;vJ Effects • changed (often increased) re-
(ykdrkdI) wkef@jyefjcif; Physical sponse to sexual stimuli
&kyfykdif;qkdif&m
• rl;a0jcif;ESifh atmhtefjcif; • happiness, giddiness • nausea, vomiting
• aysmf&$ifjcif;ESifh &Da0a0jzpfjcif;
• ukd,ftav;csdefusqif;jcif; • talkativeness • weight loss
• pum;rsm;rsm;ajymjcif;
• r=umc% qD;oGm;jcif; (bD,m okd@ • analgesia • frequent urination (more with
• emusifr_rS oufomjcif;
• pum;ajymryDojcif; r[kwf 0kdifaomufygu) qD;oGm;apaom • slurred speech beer or wine), diuretic effect
• ta&jym; ylavmifjcif; tmedoifa=umifhjzpfonf • flushed skin • hangover, lasting 12-36 hours,
• tdyfikdufjcif;/ tdyfcsifaejcif; • t&ufrsm;pGmaomuf+yD;aemuf 12- 36 • drowsiness, sleepiness from mild to severe after heavy
• rsufqHvnfaejcif; em&D=umonftxd taysmhpm;rS tjyif;pm; • nystagmus use
t&ufemusjcif;

A
alCohol
• Type: colourless, volatile liquid with a mild odor
• Family: fermented organic compound with low molecular
weight hydrocarbon
• Chemical name: ethanol
• Common name: booze, brew, cold one, juice, sauce, vino,
hard stuff
ta=umif;t&mESifh vlodrsm;aom tcsufrsm;
Characteristics and Global Facts
t&ufonf pGJvrf;apwwfaom rl;,pfaq;rsm;wGif vlodtrsm;qkH;ESifh vlokH;trsm;qkH;jzpfonf? 4if;ukd Alcohol is the most popular and most abused drug of dependence. It is de-
t&ufokd@r[kwf aumufESHrsm;ukd tcsOfazmufjcif;rS xkwfvkyfonf? t&ufwGif rwluGJjym;aom rived from the fermentation of sugars or cereals. It comes under different
emrnfESifh wHqdyftrsdK;rsdK;&Sd+yD; ,rumtoGifjzifhvnf;aumif;/ aq;ukor_. wpdwfwykdif;ESifh tpm;tpm names and brands, in different forms of beverages, part of medication and as
xkwfukefrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh ypPnf;tjzpf &Sdonf? rwluGJjym;aom wHqdyfrsm;ay:rlwnf+yD; t&ufyg0ifr_ an ingredient in food extracts. The level of alcohol content varies across the
yrm%rsm;uvnf; jcm;em;onf? t&ufukd tvG,fwul 0,f,l&&SdEkdifaoma=umifh vltrsm;tjym; different brands. Its abuse is common because of its widespread availability.
t&ufaomufavh&Sd=uonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;a=umifh ao;i,faomjy\emrsm;rSonf touftEW&m,fxdckdufEkdifonftxd Alcohol consumption causes problems which vary in severity from mild to
jyif;xefaom jy\emrsm;ukd jzpfay:ap+yD; wpfOD;csif;/ aomufol. rdom;pkESifh vl@abmifwpfckvkH;ukd life threatening and affect the individual, the person’s family and society in
rsm;vSpGmaom qkd;&Gm;onfhenf;rsm jzifh xdckdufavh&Sdonf? t&ufukd q,fausmfoufrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;rS numerous adverse ways. Alcohol is mainly used by the teenage, adult and
txl;ojzifh trsdK;om;rsm;rS t"du aomufavh&Sdonf? t&ufukd ukduif;/ bdef;jzLtp&Sdonfh tjcm;rl;,pf mostly male population. It can be taken with other drugs like cocaine, heroin,
aq;rsm;ESifhvnf;twlokH;Ekdifonf? t&ufaomufjcif; okd@r[kwf t&ufukd wyfrufrSDckdaejcif;tm; t&uf etc. Alcohol abuse or dependence is called alcoholism.
pGJjcif;[kac:onf?
okH;pGJEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;
Ways of Administration
t&ufukd t"dutm;jzifh yg;pyfrS aomufokH;avh&Sd=uonf? qkdvkdonfrSm t&ufaomufokH;=uonf? Alcohol is mainly taken orally, i.e. by drinking it.
aq;tmedoif. vuQ%mrsm;
Presentative symptoms
tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm; • vdifykdif;qkdif&m Eld;qGjcif;tm; ajymif;vJ Effects • changed (often increased) re-
(ykdrkdI) wkef@jyefjcif; Physical sponse to sexual stimuli
&kyfykdif;qkdif&m
• rl;a0jcif;ESifh atmhtefjcif; • happiness, giddiness • nausea, vomiting
• aysmf&$ifjcif;ESifh &Da0a0jzpfjcif;
• ukd,ftav;csdefusqif;jcif; • talkativeness • weight loss
• pum;rsm;rsm;ajymjcif;
• r=umc% qD;oGm;jcif; (bD,m okd@ • analgesia • frequent urination (more with
• emusifr_rS oufomjcif;
• pum;ajymryDojcif; r[kwf 0kdifaomufygu) qD;oGm;apaom • slurred speech beer or wine), diuretic effect
• ta&jym; ylavmifjcif; tmedoifa=umifhjzpfonf • flushed skin • hangover, lasting 12-36 hours,
• tdyfikdufjcif;/ tdyfcsifaejcif; • t&ufrsm;pGmaomuf+yD;aemuf 12- 36 • drowsiness, sleepiness from mild to severe after heavy
• rsufqHvnfaejcif; em&D=umonftxd taysmhpm;rS tjyif;pm; • nystagmus use
t&ufemusjcif;

t&uf
umv&Snf=umESifh yrm%rsm;pGm aomufygu pdwfykdif;qkdif&m In chronic and heavy use, Psychological
• twufa&m*g • ar$@avsmf=unfE_;aejcif; • epilepsy • euphoria
• tpmtdrfESifh tlvrf;a=umif;jy\emrsm; - • pdwf&SkyfaxG;jcif; • gastrointestinal problems such • confusion
rkef@csKdtdwfa&mif&rf;jcif;/ tpmtdrfa&mifjcif;/ • tjriftm&kHykdif;qkdif&m taysmhpm;tHr0ifr_rsm; as pancreatitis, gastritis, cirrhosis, • mild visual distortions
tonf;ajcmufjcif;/ tpmtdrfemrsm;/ &Sdaejcif; peptic ulcers, and gastrointestinal • hallucinations
ESifh tpmtdrfESifh tlvrf;a=umif;qkdif&m • xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif; bleeding • decreased coordination
aoG;,kdjcif; • qufpyfaqmif&GufEkdifr_ usqif;jcif; • malnutrition • emotional volatility (anger, vio-
• tm[m&csdK@wJhjcif; • pdwfcHpm;r_ykdif;qkdif&m rwnf+idrfjcif; • liver damage (alcoholic cirrhosis) lence, sadness, etc)
• tonf;ysufpD;jcif; (t&ufa=umifh (a'goxGufjcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif;/ • anemia and heart disease • insomnia
tonf;uGswfajcmufjcif;) 0rf;enf;jcif; ponfrsm;) • sexual dysfunction • dementia
• aoG;tm;enf;jcif;ESifh ESvkH;a&m*grsm; • tdyfraysmfjcif; • fetal damage in pregnant women • depression, anxiety, irritability
• vdifydkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfusqif;jcif; • pdwf,kd,Gif;jcif; at high dose or frequency (fetal • blackouts and memory loss at
• yrm%okd@r[kwf t}udrfrsm;pGm • pdwfusjcif;/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ pdwftaESmifh alcohol syndrome) high doses
aomufaom ukd,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;wGif t,Sufjzpfjcif; • increased risk of cancer • stupor
oaE<om;xdckdufjcif; (t&ufa=umifh jzpfaom • yrm%rsm;oGm;ygu acwWowdvpfjcif;ESifh
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy (ab-
oaE<om;a&m*gpk) rSwfOm%faysmufqkH;jcif;
normal brain functioning)
• jrpfyGm;emjzpfyGm;Ekdifajc jrifhwufvmjcif; • awGa0xkdif;r_dif;jcif;?
• 0g;epfcf OD;aESmufykdif;a&m*g (OD;aESmuf.
ykHrSefr[kwfaom tvkyfvkyfjcif;)
aq;tmedoif oufa&mufr_ =umjrifhcsdef
Duration of Effects
1 em&DcGJrS okH;em&D 1.5- 3 hours
tmedoifay;aom armfvDusL;j'yfaygif;rsm;
Active molecules
tufoaemarmfvDusL;rsm; ethanol molecules
aq;vufcHxm;aom ukd,fwGif;t*Fgrsm;
Organs where the drug is concentrated
t&ufukd tpmtdrfwGif; (tpmtdrftajrS;yg;)ESifh tlodrfOD;ykdif;rS t"du pkyf,l+yD; wpf}udrfpkyf,l+yD;onfESifh Alcohol is absorbed mainly in the stomach (gastric mucosa) and small intes-
tpDawm'D[kdufokd@ ajymif;vJypfonf? t&uf. ZD0ykdif;qkdif&majymif;vJr_onf t"dutm;jzifh tonf; tine. Once absorbed, it is converted to acetaldehyde. Its metabolism occurs
xJwGif ae&m,lavh&Sdonf? mainly in the liver.

alCohol
umv&Snf=umESifh yrm%rsm;pGm aomufygu pdwfykdif;qkdif&m In chronic and heavy use, Psychological
• twufa&m*g • ar$@avsmf=unfE_;aejcif; • epilepsy • euphoria
• tpmtdrfESifh tlvrf;a=umif;jy\emrsm; - • pdwf&SkyfaxG;jcif; • gastrointestinal problems such • confusion
rkef@csKdtdwfa&mif&rf;jcif;/ tpmtdrfa&mifjcif;/ • tjriftm&kHykdif;qkdif&m taysmhpm;tHr0ifr_rsm; as pancreatitis, gastritis, cirrhosis, • mild visual distortions
tonf;ajcmufjcif;/ tpmtdrfemrsm;/ &Sdaejcif; peptic ulcers, and gastrointestinal • hallucinations
ESifh tpmtdrfESifh tlvrf;a=umif;qkdif&m • xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif; bleeding • decreased coordination
aoG;,kdjcif; • qufpyfaqmif&GufEkdifr_ usqif;jcif; • malnutrition • emotional volatility (anger, vio-
• tm[m&csdK@wJhjcif; • pdwfcHpm;r_ykdif;qkdif&m rwnf+idrfjcif; • liver damage (alcoholic cirrhosis) lence, sadness, etc)
• tonf;ysufpD;jcif; (t&ufa=umifh (a'goxGufjcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif;/ • anemia and heart disease • insomnia
tonf;uGswfajcmufjcif;) 0rf;enf;jcif; ponfrsm;) • sexual dysfunction • dementia
• aoG;tm;enf;jcif;ESifh ESvkH;a&m*grsm; • tdyfraysmfjcif; • fetal damage in pregnant women • depression, anxiety, irritability
• vdifydkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfusqif;jcif; • pdwf,kd,Gif;jcif; at high dose or frequency (fetal • blackouts and memory loss at
• yrm%okd@r[kwf t}udrfrsm;pGm • pdwfusjcif;/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ pdwftaESmifh alcohol syndrome) high doses
aomufaom ukd,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;wGif t,Sufjzpfjcif; • increased risk of cancer • stupor
oaE<om;xdckdufjcif; (t&ufa=umifh jzpfaom • yrm%rsm;oGm;ygu acwWowdvpfjcif;ESifh
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy (ab-
oaE<om;a&m*gpk) rSwfOm%faysmufqkH;jcif;
normal brain functioning)
• jrpfyGm;emjzpfyGm;Ekdifajc jrifhwufvmjcif; • awGa0xkdif;r_dif;jcif;? bD,m
• 0g;epfcf OD;aESmufykdif;a&m*g (OD;aESmuf. Beer
ykHrSefr[kwfaom tvkyfvkyfjcif;)
aq;tmedoif oufa&mufr_ =umjrifhcsdef
Duration of Effects
1 em&DcGJrS okH;em&D 1.5- 3 hours
tmedoifay;aom armfvDusL;j'yfaygif;rsm;
Active molecules
tufoaemarmfvDusL;rsm; ethanol molecules
aq;vufcHxm;aom ukd,fwGif;t*Fgrsm;
Organs where the drug is concentrated
t&ufukd tpmtdrfwGif; (tpmtdrftajrS;yg;)ESifh tlodrfOD;ykdif;rS t"du pkyf,l+yD; wpf}udrfpkyf,l+yD;onfESifh Alcohol is absorbed mainly in the stomach (gastric mucosa) and small intes-
tpDawm'D[kdufokd@ ajymif;vJypfonf? t&uf. ZD0ykdif;qkdif&majymif;vJr_onf t"dutm;jzifh tonf; tine. Once absorbed, it is converted to acetaldehyde. Its metabolism occurs
xJwGif ae&m,lavh&Sdonf? mainly in the liver.

t&uf
aq;pGJjcif;jy vuQ%mrsm;ukd &SmazGazmfxkwfjcif;
Diagnosis and symptoms of use or Dependence
• xkHjcif;/ usifjcif; aomufokH;aejcif; (vifr,m;jywfpJjcif;/ • tingling and numbness • drinking more alcohol or drinking
• reufykdif;wGif vufwkefjcif; pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jy\emrsm; ponfrsm;) • shaking in the morning over a longer period of time than
• t0wftpm;ESifh touf&SK&mwGif t&ufeH@ • &nf&G,fxm;onfxufykdI t&ufrsm;rsm; • alcohol smell on breath and intended (loss of control)
&aejcif; aomufjcif; okd@r[kwf tcsdef=umjrifhpGm clothing Withdrawal Symptoms
• rl;a0aeonfh ykHpH okd@r[kwf tjyKtrl/ okd@ aomufokH;jcif; (xdef;csKyfEkdifpGrf; • frequent intoxicated appearance • rapid pulse, increased blood
r[kwf ukd,fcE<mwGif rawmfwqjzpfonfh aysmufqkH;jcif;) or behavior, or bodily accident or pressure
'%f&mrsm;ukd r=umc%awG@&jcif; injuries • rise in body temperature and
t&ufjywfI cHpm;&onfh vuQ%mrsm;
• vkyfief;cGif/ ausmif; okd@r[kwf tdrfwGif • failure to fulfill major obligations sweating
• aoG;ckefE_ef;jrefjcif;/ aoG;aygifcsdefwufaejcif;
t"du xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;ukd at work, school, or home (ab- • tremors, seizures
• ukd,ftylcsdefwuf+yD; acGs;xGufjcif;
ysufuGufjcif; (vkyfief;cGif okd@r[kwf ausmif; sence at work or school, loss of • loss of appetite
• wkefcgjcif;/ ta=umqGJjcif;
wGif &Sdraejcif;/ tvkyfjyKwfjcif; ponfrsm;) employment) • insomnia
• cHwGif;rawG@jcif;
• w&m;Oya'ykdif;qkdif&mjy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif • legal problems • nausea, and vomiting
• tdyfraysmfjcif;
&jcif; • continued use of alcohol despite • hallucinations
• rl;a0jcif;ESifh atmhtefjcif;
• vlr_a&;/ rdom;pkykdif;ESifh yk*d~Kvfa&;qkdif&mjy\ having social, family, or interper- • agitation
• xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif;
emrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; t&ufukd qufvuf sonal problems (divorce , finan- • anxiety
• pdwfwkdjcif;
cial difficulties, etc)
• pdwfv_yf&Sm;jcif;
tjcm;aq;rsm; okd@r[kwf rl;,pfxkHxkdif;aq;rsm;ESifh "mwfjyKjcif;
Interaction with other drugs or substances
• temoufomaq;rsm; (Oyrm - tufpfy&if/ tufqDwmrDEkdzif) - t&ufonf tpDwmrDEkdzif. • Analgesics (e.g. aspirin, acetaminophen) - Alcohol enhances acetami-
ZD0wGif;ajymif;vJjzpfpOfwGif tonf;ukd xdckdufEkdifajc&Sdonfh tqdyfypPnf;ukd jzpfay:aponf? nophen metabolism into a toxic product, potentially causing liver dam-
tufpfy&ifonf tpmtdrfwGif;rS tlvrf;a=umif;okd@ ykd@v$wfjcif;ukd vsifjrefap+yD; tlodrfykdif;wGif age. Aspirin increases gastric emptying, leading to faster alcohol absorp-
t&ufukd pkyf,ljcif;tm; ykdrkdjrefqefaponf? tion in the small intestine.
• t%kZD0ykd;owfaq;rsm;(Oyrm- tkdifqkdEkdif&mZpf/ t&Do&kdrkdifqif) - t&ufonf tkdifqkdEkdif&mZpf • Antibiotics (e.g. Isoniazid, erythromycin) - Alcohol increases the risk of
ESifhywfoufaom tonf;a&m*gjzpfEkdifajcukd wkd;yGm;aponf? t&Do&kdkrdkfifqifonf tpmtdrfwGif;rS isoniazid-related liver disease. Erythromycin may increase gastric empty-
tlvrf;a=umif;okd@ykd@jcif;ukd tm;ay;+yD; tlodrfykdif;wGif t&ufukd pkyf,ljcif;tm; ykdrkdjrefqefaponf? ing, leading to faster alcohol absorption in the small intestine.
• twufusaq;rsm; - umv&Snf=um t&ufaomufygu zDerfwGdKif;tm; acszsufjcif;ukd • Anticonvulsants - Chronic alcohol consumption induces phenytoin
tm;ay;onf? breakdown.
• tifwD[pfpfwrif;rsm; ( Oyrm- uvkdzefe&Drif;/ 'kdifzif[kduf'&rif;) t&ufonf A[dktm&kHa=um • Antihistamines (e.g. Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine) - Alcohol en-
tzGJ@tpnf;ay:wGif tqkdygaq;rsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;jzpfaom tdyfikdufjcif;/ pdwf+idrfjcif;ESifh hances the effects of these agents on the central nervous system (CNS),
v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;yg;jcif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwkd;yGm;aponf? such as drowsiness, sedation, and decreased motor skills.
• aoG;cJjcif;ukd avsmhapaomaq;rsm; (0gzm&if) - t&ufukd a&wkdokH;pGJjcif;onf 0gzm&if. • Anticoagulants (Warfarin) - Acute alcohol intake may increase antico-
ZD0wGif; ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOfukd avsmhusapjcif;jzifh aoG;cJjcif;ukd ykdrkdavsmhusaponf? t&ufukd
agulation by decreasing warfarin metabolism; chronic alcohol ingestion
a&&SnfokH;pGJjcif;onf 0gzm&if. ZD0wGif;ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOfukd vsifjrefapjcif;jzifh aoG;cJjcif;ukd ykdrkd
decreases anticoagulation by increasing warfarin metabolism.
aponf?

alCohol
aq;pGJjcif;jy vuQ%mrsm;ukd &SmazGazmfxkwfjcif;
Diagnosis and symptoms of use or Dependence
• xkHjcif;/ usifjcif; aomufokH;aejcif; (vifr,m;jywfpJjcif;/ • tingling and numbness • drinking more alcohol or drinking
• reufykdif;wGif vufwkefjcif; pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jy\emrsm; ponfrsm;) • shaking in the morning over a longer period of time than
• t0wftpm;ESifh touf&SK&mwGif t&ufeH@ • &nf&G,fxm;onfxufykdI t&ufrsm;rsm; • alcohol smell on breath and intended (loss of control)
&aejcif; aomufjcif; okd@r[kwf tcsdef=umjrifhpGm clothing Withdrawal Symptoms
• rl;a0aeonfh ykHpH okd@r[kwf tjyKtrl/ okd@ aomufokH;jcif; (xdef;csKyfEkdifpGrf; • frequent intoxicated appearance • rapid pulse, increased blood
r[kwf ukd,fcE<mwGif rawmfwqjzpfonfh aysmufqkH;jcif;) or behavior, or bodily accident or pressure
'%f&mrsm;ukd r=umc%awG@&jcif; injuries • rise in body temperature and
t&ufjywfI cHpm;&onfh vuQ%mrsm;
• vkyfief;cGif/ ausmif; okd@r[kwf tdrfwGif atmhtefjcif; • failure to fulfill major obligations sweating
• aoG;ckefE_ef;jrefjcif;/ aoG;aygifcsdefwufaejcif;
t"du xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;ukd Vomitting at work, school, or home (ab- • tremors, seizures
• ukd,ftylcsdefwuf+yD; acGs;xGufjcif;
ysufuGufjcif; (vkyfief;cGif okd@r[kwf ausmif; sence at work or school, loss of • loss of appetite
• wkefcgjcif;/ ta=umqGJjcif;
wGif &Sdraejcif;/ tvkyfjyKwfjcif; ponfrsm;) employment) • insomnia
• cHwGif;rawG@jcif;
• w&m;Oya'ykdif;qkdif&mjy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif • legal problems • nausea, and vomiting
• tdyfraysmfjcif;
&jcif; • continued use of alcohol despite • hallucinations
• rl;a0jcif;ESifh atmhtefjcif;
• vlr_a&;/ rdom;pkykdif;ESifh yk*d~Kvfa&;qkdif&mjy\ having social, family, or interper- • agitation
• xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif;
emrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; t&ufukd qufvuf sonal problems (divorce , finan- • anxiety
• pdwfwkdjcif;
cial difficulties, etc)
• pdwfv_yf&Sm;jcif;
tjcm;aq;rsm; okd@r[kwf rl;,pfxkHxkdif;aq;rsm;ESifh "mwfjyKjcif;
Interaction with other drugs or substances
• temoufomaq;rsm; (Oyrm - tufpfy&if/ tufqDwmrDEkdzif) - t&ufonf tpDwmrDEkdzif. • Analgesics (e.g. aspirin, acetaminophen) - Alcohol enhances acetami-
ZD0wGif;ajymif;vJjzpfpOfwGif tonf;ukd xdckdufEkdifajc&Sdonfh tqdyfypPnf;ukd jzpfay:aponf? nophen metabolism into a toxic product, potentially causing liver dam-
tufpfy&ifonf tpmtdrfwGif;rS tlvrf;a=umif;okd@ ykd@v$wfjcif;ukd vsifjrefap+yD; tlodrfykdif;wGif age. Aspirin increases gastric emptying, leading to faster alcohol absorp-
t&ufukd pkyf,ljcif;tm; ykdrkdjrefqefaponf? tion in the small intestine.
aAmh'f*gt&ufonf ta&S@
• t%kZD0ykd;owfaq;rsm;(Oyrm- tkdifqkdEkdif&mZpf/ t&Do&kdrkdifqif) - t&ufonf tkdifqkdEkdif&mZpf • Antibiotics (e.g. Isoniazid, erythromycin) - Alcohol increases the risk of
Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;rSpwif
ESifhywfoufaom tonf;a&m*gjzpfEkdifajcukd wkd;yGm;aponf? t&Do&kdkrdkfifqifonf tpmtdrfwGif;rS isoniazid-related liver disease. Erythromycin may increase gastric empty-
xkwfvkyfonfh t&ufjyif;
tlvrf;a=umif;okd@ykd@jcif;ukd tm;ay;+yD; tlodrfykdif;wGif t&ufukd pkyf,ljcif;tm; ykdrkdjrefqefaponf? jzpf+yD; urBmtESH@ emrnf ing, leading to faster alcohol absorption in the small intestine.
ausmf=um;onf?
• twufusaq;rsm; - umv&Snf=um t&ufaomufygu zDerfwGdKif;tm; acszsufjcif;ukd • Anticonvulsants - Chronic alcohol consumption induces phenytoin
tm;ay;onf? Vodka is strong alcohol breakdown.
originating from Eastern
• tifwD[pfpfwrif;rsm; ( Oyrm- uvkdzefe&Drif;/ 'kdifzif[kduf'&rif;) t&ufonf A[dktm&kHa=um Europe and popular all over • Antihistamines (e.g. Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine) - Alcohol en-
the world
tzGJ@tpnf;ay:wGif tqkdygaq;rsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;jzpfaom tdyfikdufjcif;/ pdwf+idrfjcif;ESifh hances the effects of these agents on the central nervous system (CNS),
v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;yg;jcif;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwkd;yGm;aponf? such as drowsiness, sedation, and decreased motor skills.
• aoG;cJjcif;ukd avsmhapaomaq;rsm; (0gzm&if) - t&ufukd a&wkdokH;pGJjcif;onf 0gzm&if. • Anticoagulants (Warfarin) - Acute alcohol intake may increase antico-
ZD0wGif; ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOfukd avsmhusapjcif;jzifh aoG;cJjcif;ukd ykdrkdavsmhusaponf? t&ufukd
agulation by decreasing warfarin metabolism; chronic alcohol ingestion
a&&SnfokH;pGJjcif;onf 0gzm&if. ZD0wGif;ajymif;vJr_jzpfpOfukd vsifjrefapjcif;jzifh aoG;cJjcif;ukd ykdrkd
decreases anticoagulation by increasing warfarin metabolism.
aponf?

t&uf
• qD;csdKaq;rsm; (uvkdy&kdygrkduf/ rufwfazmrif) - qD;csdKaq;rsm;aomufaeaom a0'em&Sifrsm;rS • Antidiabetic agents (Chlorpropamide, Metformin) - Alcohol consump-
t&ufaomufjcif;onf aoG;wGif;o=um;"mwfavsmhenf;Ekdifajcukd rsm;jym;aponf? uvkdy&kdygrkduf/ tion by diabetic patients taking these medications increases the risk of
*vkdifAsL&kdufESifh wkdAsLwrkdufwkd@onf t&ufaomufxm;ygu 'kdifqmvzsK&rfESifhwlaom "mwfjyKr_ hypoglycemia. Chlorpropamide, glyburide, and tolbutamide can cause
rsm;ukd jzpfay:apEkdifonf? disulfiram-like interactions after alcohol ingestion.
• bmbDusK&dwf (zDEkdbmbDwkef;) - t&ufonf A[kdtm&kHa=umrtzGJ@pnf;ay:&Sd tdyfcsifjcif;ESihf • Barbiturates (Phenobarbital) - Alcohol enhances the sedative and hyp-
pdwf+idrfapjcif; tmedoifrsm;ukd rsm;jym;aponf? notic (induction of sleep) effects on the CNS.
• bifZkd'kdif&mqDyif ('kdif&mqDyif/ avmf&mqDyif) - t&ufonf tdyfikdufjcif;/ pdwf+idrfjcif;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_ • Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Lorazepam)- Alcohol enhances the effects
qkdif&m rsm;uJhokd@om A[kdtm&kHa=umtzGJ@tpnf;ay:wGif xkdaq;rsm;. tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;ukd of these agents on the CNS, such as drowsiness, sedation, and decreased
wkd;yGm;aponf? motor skills.
10