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Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Domestic Courts PDF

340 Pages·2017·4.46 MB·English
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Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Begründet von Viktor Bruns Herausgegeben von Armin von Bogdandy · Anne Peters Band 268 Katharina Berner Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Domestic Courts ISSN 0172-4770 ISSN 2197-7135 (electronic) Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht ISBN 978-3-662-54936-0 ISBN 978-3-662-54937-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54937-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953943 Springer © Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Heidelberg 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth- odology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany Preface This work is based on my doctoral thesis, which was accepted at Humboldt-Univer- sity Berlin in 2014. It is closely linked to a large-scale research project on ‘Treaties and Subsequent Practice’. This project was funded by the German Research Foun- dation (DFG) and contributed to a project of the United Nations’ International Law Commission (ILC) on ‘Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Rela- tion to Interpretation of Treaties’ led by Special Rapporteur Georg Nolte. The interrelationship between these projects generated valuable synergies. On the one hand, the thesis informed part of the Special Rapporteur’s final report on the topic. On the other hand, it profited from deep insights into the ILC’s work. Being part of the Special Rapporteur’s research staff, I was fortunate to have had the chance to substantially contribute to various stages of the ILC’s project and to coordinate reports for the earlier ‘Study Group on Treaties over Time’. An academic work may label one single author. However, it will always be the product of many people: First of all, I wish to thank Professor Georg Nolte for entrusting me with an ambitious and demanding position within the research project on ‘Treaties and Subsequent Practice’ and for having supervised my doctoral thesis. Professor Nolte continuously encouraged me to develop my own thoughts and ideas and to always remain critical towards simplistic truths. In addition to Professor Gerd Seidel, who gave the second review on my doc- toral thesis, I am very grateful to Professor Janbernd Oebbecke and his staff at the University of Muenster. During my undergraduate studies, they set an unparalleled example of cordial, sincere, and sympathetic collegiality, which will inspire me throughout my professional career. I also gratefully acknowledge the support of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation (Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes). Its merit doctoral scholarship did not only entail personal space and freedom for finishing my thesis but also offered a stimulating academic environment. V VI Preface Last but not least, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my family for having always been there when I needed them, to my friends for never letting me cease laughing and singing during the tougher parts of my academic journey, and to Pro- fessor Steffen Hindelang for his selfless academic advice and his unfaltering friend- ship and support. Contents 1 Introduction ................................................. 1 1.1 Preliminary Reflections upon Interpretative Power ............... 1 1.2 Current State of Research .................................. 6 1.3 Scope of this Study ....................................... 9 1.3.1 Treaty Interpretation ................................ 10 1.3.1.1 Treaties ................................... 10 1.3.1.2 Interpretation .............................. 11 1.3.2 Inter-State Level .................................... 14 1.3.2.1 Domestic Judiciaries ........................ 14 1.3.2.2 Accessibility and Reliability of Jurisprudence ..... 16 1.3.2.3 Sample Period ............................. 17 1.3.3 Intra-State Level .................................... 17 1.4 Outline and Methodology .................................. 19 Part I Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice 2 The Origins of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice ..... 27 2.1 International Legal Doctrine ................................ 28 2.1.1 ‘Classical’ Writers .................................. 28 2.1.2 ‘Post-Classical’ Writers .............................. 30 2.1.3 State-Sponsored and Private Codification Efforts .......... 34 2.1.4 Conclusion ........................................ 40 2.2 Judicial Settlement of International Disputes ................... 41 2.2.1 Permanent Court of International Justice ................. 42 2.2.2 International Court of Justice .......................... 46 2.2.3 Conclusion ........................................ 52 2.3 Domestic Jurisprudence .................................... 53 2.3.1 Germany .......................................... 53 2.3.2 Switzerland ....................................... 55 2.3.3 United States of America ............................. 59 2.3.4 Conclusion ........................................ 63 VII VIII Contents 3 Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Context: The 1969 VCLT ............................................. 65 3.1 Genesis of the Vienna Convention and its Rules of Interpretation ... 66 3.2 The Vienna Rules as a Reflection of Customary Law ............ 75 3.3 The Vienna Rules of Interpretation .......................... 80 3.3.1 The General Rule of Interpretation .................... 82 3.3.1.1 Ordinary and Special Meaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.3.1.2 Context .................................. 87 3.3.1.3 Object and Purpose ........................ 89 3.3.2 Supplementary Means of Interpretation ................ 90 3.3.3 Interpretation as a Single Combined Operation ........... 92 4 Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice under Articles 31 and 32 VCLT ..................................... 99 4.1 Relationship between Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice ...................................... 99 4.2 Subsequent Agreements under Article 31(3)(a) VCLT ........... 103 4.2.1 ‘Agreement’ ...................................... 103 4.2.1.1 Agreement and Treaties ..................... 104 4.2.1.2 Interpretative Treaties ....................... 105 4.2.1.3 The Form of Agreement ..................... 105 4.2.2 ‘Between the Parties’ ............................... 108 4.2.2.1 Who Are ‘the Parties’? ...................... 108 4.2.2.2 How Many Parties Are ‘the Parties’? ........... 112 4.2.3 The Object of the Agreement ......................... 113 4.2.3.1 Sole Purpose v Unintended Side-Effect ......... 113 4.2.3.2 Interpretation and Application Distinguished .... 114 4.2.3.3 Interpretation and Modification Distinguished ... 116 4.2.4 ‘Subsequent’ ..................................... 119 4.3 Subsequent Practice under Article 31(3)(b) VCLT .............. 121 4.3.1 Objective Components of Subsequent Practice ........... 121 4.3.1.1 What Constitutes ‘Practice’? ................. 121 4.3.1.2 Whose Practice Counts as ‘Practice’? .......... 125 4.3.1.3 ‘In the Application of the Treaty’ .............. 128 4.3.2 Subjective Components of Subsequent Practice .......... 129 4.3.2.1 The Agreement of the Parties ................. 129 4.3.2.2 Interpretation and Modification Distinguished ... 131 4.3.2.3 How to ‘Establish’ the Agreement? ............ 133 4.4 ‘Other’ Subsequent Conduct under Article 32 VCLT ............ 135 4.5 Conclusion ............................................. 137 Contents IX Part II The Jurisprudence of Domestic Courts 5 Legal Status and Effects of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice ..................................... 141 5.1 The Status of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice ... 141 5.1.1 Authentic Means of Interpretation ..................... 142 5.1.1.1 The Origins and Re-emergence of ‘Authentic Interpretation’ ............................. 143 5.1.1.2 Authentic Interpretation in Domestic Jurisprudence ............................. 147 5.1.2 Relative Weight in the Interpretative Process ............ 150 5.2 The Effects of Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice ... 156 5.2.1 Extensive and Restrictive Interpretation ................ 156 5.2.1.1 Different Concepts of Extensive and Restrictive Interpretation ............................. 157 5.2.1.2 Extensive and Restrictive Interpretation in Domestic Jurisprudence ..................... 158 5.2.2 Dynamic and Static Interpretation ..................... 161 5.2.2.1 Defining and Qualifying Dynamic and Static Interpretation ............................. 162 5.2.2.2 Dynamic and Static Interpretation in Domestic Jurisprudence ............................. 164 5.3 Conclusion ............................................. 168 6 The Frequency of Subsequent Agreements ....................... 171 6.1 The Number of Parties to a Treaty ........................... 172 6.2 Solid Evidence of Subsequent Agreements .................... 174 6.3 Constitutional Impediments ................................ 179 6.3.1 Negative Impact on Parliamentary Participation Rights .... 179 6.3.1.1 Parliamentary Participation in Foreign Affairs in Germany ............................... 180 6.3.1.2 Different Approaches to the Ratification Requirement .............................. 182 6.3.1.2.1 Objective Approach ................ 182 6.3.1.2.2 Mixed Approach .................. 186 6.3.1.3 Parliamentary Participation and Subsequent Practice in Other States ..................... 190 6.3.2 Legal Advantages over Other Means of Interpretation ..... 193 6.4 Conclusion ............................................. 196 7 Practice by Non-Party Entities ................................ 199 7.1 The Output of Treaty Bodies ............................... 200 7.1.1 The Interpretative Value of Treaty Body Output .......... 202 7.1.2 Treaty Body Output in the Jurisprudence of Domestic  Courts ........................................... 206 7.1.3 Evaluation ....................................... 212

Description:
The book analyses how subsequent agreements and subsequent practice as defined in articles 31 and 32 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties have been applied in interpretative reality. Based on the jurisprudence of domestic courts, it elucidates the distribution of power between the pa
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