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Submarine Hydrodynamics PDF

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Martin Renilson Submarine Hydrodynamics Second Edition Submarine Hydrodynamics Martin Renilson Submarine Hydrodynamics Second Edition 123 Martin Renilson Australian Maritime College University of Tasmania Launceston,Tasmania Australia ISBN978-3-319-79056-5 ISBN978-3-319-79057-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79057-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018937321 1stedition:©TheAuthor(s)2015 2ndedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018, correctedpublication2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAG partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland This book is dedicated to my wonderful wife, Susan, who has looked after me when I have been ill. She has also been a great support and has assisted with the arrangement of the manuscript. I would not have managed to have completed this without her. Acknowledgements Anumberofpeoplehaveassistedmegreatlywiththepreparationofthisbook,andit isnotpossibletomentionallofthembyname.However,Iamparticularlyindebted toBrendonAnderson;PaulBlythe;MatteoBonci;BruceCartwright;PaulCrossland; Ian Dand; Giulio Dubbioso; Jon Duffy; Eric Fusil; Zhi Leong; Mohammad Moonesun; Chris Polis; David Pook; Dev Ranmuthugala; Amit Ray; Chris Richardsen; Prasanta Sahoo; Greg Seil; Debabrata Sen; Auke van der Ploeg; Serge Toxopeus; and George Watt for providing information that I have made use of. Iamalsoverygratefultomywife,SusanRenilson,foralltheeffortthatsheput in correcting my English, pointing out where my explanations make no sense, and checking for consistency throughout this whole book. Martin Renilson vii Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Standard Submarine Geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.1 Series 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.2 Myring Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.3 DRDC Standard Submarine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.4 DARPA Suboff Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.5 Iranian Hydrodynamic Series of Submarines (IHSS). . . . 8 1.3.6 Joubert/BB1/BB2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 Hydrostatics and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 Hydrostatics and Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Static Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.1 Control in the Vertical Plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.2 Transverse Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.3 Longitudinal Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 Ballast Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.1 Categories of Ballast Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.2 Main Ballast Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.3 Trim and Compensation Ballast Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Trim Polygon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5 Stability When Surfacing/Diving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.6 Stability When Bottoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.7 Stability When Surfacing Through Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.8 Stability Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ix x Contents 2.8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.8.2 Bureau Veritas Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.8.3 DNV-GL Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3 Manoeuvring and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2 Equations of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.3 Hydrodynamic Forces—Steady State Assumption. . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.3.1 Coefficient Based Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.3.2 Look-up Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.3.3 Sensitivity of Individual Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.4 Determination of Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.1 Model Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4.3 Approximation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.5 Alternative Approach to Simulation of Manoeuvring . . . . . . . . . 67 3.6 Manoeuvring in the Horizontal Plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.6.1 Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.6.2 Stability in the Horizontal Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.6.3 Pivot Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.6.4 Effective Rudder Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.6.5 Heel in a Turn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.6.6 Effect of Sail in a Turn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.6.7 Centre of Lateral Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.7 Manoeuvring in the Vertical Plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.7.1 Stability in the Vertical Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.7.2 Effective Plane Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.7.3 Neutral Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.7.4 Critical Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.7.5 Influence of Neutral Point and Critical Point on Manoeuvring in the Vertical Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.8 Manoeuvring Close to the Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.8.1 Surface Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.8.2 Manoeuvring in the Vertical Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.8.3 Manoeuvring in the Horizontal Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.9 Manoeuvring Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.10 Manoeuvring Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.10.2 Safe Operating Envelopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.10.3 Generation of Safe Operating Envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.10.4 Aft Plane Jam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.10.5 Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Contents xi 3.10.6 Operating Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.11 Free Running Model Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.12 Submarine Manoeuvring Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3.12.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3.12.2 Definitive Manoeuvres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3.12.3 Preparation for the Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.12.4 Conduct of the Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3.12.5 Analysis of the Trial Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4 Resistance and Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.2 Components of Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.3 Effect of Hull Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.4 Fore Body Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.5 Parallel Middle Body (PMB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.6 Aft Body Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.7 Appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.7.2 Appendages Aligned with the Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 4.7.3 Appendages at an Angle to the Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4.8 Operating Close to the Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4.8.1 Hull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4.8.2 Masts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 4.9 Prediction of Submarine Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.9.1 Model Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.9.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.9.3 Approximation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5 Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.1 Propulsor/Hull Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.1.2 Flow into the Propulsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.1.3 Wake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.1.4 Thrust Deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 5.1.5 Hull Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 5.1.6 Relative Rotative Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.1.7 Quasi Propulsive Coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.2 Axisymmetric Hull with Single Propeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5.3 Axisymmetric Hull with Single Pumpjet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 5.4 Other Configurations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5.4.1 Contra-rotating Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5.4.2 Twin Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 xii Contents 5.4.3 Podded Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.4.4 Rim Driven Propulsion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.5 Prediction of Propulsor Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 5.5.1 Physical Model Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 5.5.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 6 Appendage Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.2 Sail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.3 Forward Control Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.3.2 Midline Planes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.3.3 Eyebrow Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.3.4 Sail Planes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6.4 Aft Control Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 6.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 6.4.2 Cruciform Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 6.4.3 X-form Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.4.4 Alternative Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7 Hydro-acoustic Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Erratum to: Manoeuvring and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1 Appendix. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 209 Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 221

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