Table Of Content

RAY Style: An Introduction to History, Theory, Research, and Pedagogy conducts an in-depth investigation into the long and complex evolution of style in the study of rhetoric and writing. The theories, research methods, STYLE and pedagogies covered here offer a conception of style as more than deco- ration or correctness—views that are still prevalent in many college settings as well as in public discourse. The book begins by tracing origins of style a i n ntroduction to in sophistic-era Greece, moving from there to alternative and non-Western rhetorical traditions, showing style as always inventive and even at times sub- H , t , istory Heory versive. Although devalued in subsequent periods, including the twentieth century, contemporary views now urge for renewed attention to the schol- r , P arly and pedagogical possibilities of style as experimentation and risk, rather esearcH and edagogy than as safety and conformity. These contemporary views include work in areas of rhetoric and composition, such as basic writing, language difference, S digital and multimodal discourse, feminist rhetorics, and rhetorical grammar. T Later chapters in this book also explore a variety of disciplines and research Y methods—sociolinguistics and dialectology, literary and rhetorical stylistics, discourse and conversation analysis, and World Englishes. Finally, teachers L and students will appreciate a final chapter that explains practical teaching E methods, provides ideas for assignments and activities, and surveys textbooks that promote a rhetorical stance toward style. Brian ray is Assistant Professor of English and composition program coor- dinator at the University of Nebraska at Kearney. His work on style and language issues has appeared in Rhetoric Review, Composition Studies, Computers and Composition, and the Journal of Basic Writing. Reference Guides to Rhetoric & Composition Series Editors: Charles Bazerman, Anis Bawarshi, & Mary Jo Reiff B r rian ay 3015 Brackenberry Drive Anderson SC 29621 www.parlorpress.com S A N: 2 5 4 - 8 8 7 9 PARLOR ISBN 978-1-60235-612-2 PRESS The WAC Clearinghouse WACC W http://wac.colostate.edu/ W Reference Guides to Rhetoric and Composition Series Editors: Charles Bazerman, Mary Jo Reiff, and Anis Bawarshi Reference Guides to Rhetoric and Composition Series Editors: Charles Bazerman, Mary Jo Reiff, and Anis Bawarshi The Series provides compact, comprehensive and convenient surveys of what has been learned through research and practice as composition has emerged as an academic discipline over the last half century. Each vol- ume is devoted to a single topic that has been of interest in rhetoric and composition in recent years, to synthesize and make available the sum and parts of what has been learned on that topic. These reference guides are designed to help deepen classroom practice by making available the collective wisdom of the field and will provide the basis for new research. The Series is intended o be of use to teachers at all levels of education, researchers and scholars of writing, graduate students learning about the field, and all, nationally and internationally, who have interest in or re- sponsibility for writing programs and the teaching of writing. Parlor Press and The WAC Clearinghouse are collaborating so that these books will be widely available through low cost print editions and free elec- tronic distribution. The publishers and the series editors are all teachers and researchers of writing, committed to the principle that knowledge should freely circulate. We see the opportunities that new technologies have for further democratizing knowledge. And we see that to share the power of writing is to share the means for all to articulate their needs, interest, and learning into the great experiment of literacy. Existing Books in the Series Invention in Rhetoric and Composition (2004, Lauer) Reference Guide to Writing across the Curriculum (2005, Bazerman, et al.) Revision: History, Theory, and Practice (2006, Horning and Becker) Writing Program Administration (2007, McLeod) Community Literacy and the Rhetoric of Local Publics (2008, Long) Argument in Composition (2009, Ramage, et al.) Basic Writing (2010, Otte and Mlynarczyk) Genre: An Introduction to History, Theory, Research, and Pedagogy (2010, Bawarshi and Reiff) Reconnecting Reading and Writing (2013, Horning and Kraemer) Style: An Introduction to History, Theory, Research, and Pedagogy (2014, Ray) STYLE An Introduction to History, Theory, Research, and Pedagogy Brian Ray Parlor Press Anderson, South Carolina www.parlorpress.com The WAC Clearinghouse Fort Collins, Colorado http://wac.colostate.edu/ Parlor Press LLC, Anderson, South Carolina, USA The WAC Clearinghouse, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1052 © 2015 by Parlor Press and The WAC Clearinghouse All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America S A N: 2 5 4 - 8 8 7 9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ray, Brian, 1982- Style : an introduction to history, theory, research, and pedagogy / Brian Ray. 1 online resource. -- (Reference guides to rhetoric and composition) Includes bibliographical references and index. Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. ISBN 978-1-60235-614-6 (pdf) -- ISBN 978-1-60235-615-3 (epub) -- ISBN 978-1-60235-616-0 ( iBook) -- ISBN 978-1-60235-617-7 (mobi) -- ISBN 978-1-60235-612-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Style, Literary--History. 2. Narration (Rhetoric)--History. 3. Knowledge, Theory of--History. 4. Language and education--History. I. Title. PN3383.S79 808.3--dc23 2014045868 1 2 3 4 5 Series logo designed by Karl Stolley. Copyediting by Jeff Ludwig. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Parlor Press, LLC is an independent publisher of scholarly and trade titles in print and multimedia formats. This book is available in paper, cloth and eBook formats from Parlor Press on the World Wide Web at http://www. parlorpress.com or through online and brick-and-mortar bookstores. For submission information or to find out about Parlor Press publications, write to Parlor Press, 3015 Brackenberry Drive, Anderson, South Carolina, 29621, or email [email protected]. The WAC Clearinghouse supports teachers of writing across the disciplines. Hosted by Colorado State University’s Composition Program, it brings to- gether four journals, three book series, and resources for teachers who use writing in their courses. This book will also be available free on the Internet at The WAC Clearinghouse (http://wac.colostate.edu/). Contents Acknowledgments vii Series Editors’ Preface ix Anis Bawarshi, Charles Bazerman, and Mary Jo Reiff 1 What Is Style, and Why Does It Matter? 3 Definitions of Style 7 Style as Form and Meaning 8 Style as Eloquence 10 Style as Grammar 12 Style as Voice 13 Style as Possibility and Risk 14 Conclusion: A Cacophony of Definitions 16 2 Historical Review I: From Ancient Greece through Rome 19 Style Before the Sophists 20 Sophists (Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE) 22 Plato (Fourth Century BCE) 24 Isocrates (Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE) 27 Aristotle (Fourth Century BCE) 28 Roman Style: Cicero and Quintilian 34 Greco-Roman Rhetorical Curriculum: Imitation and the Progymnasmata 42 Later Greeks: Demetrius, Hermogenes, and Longinus (First — Fourth Century, CE) 45 Feminist and Non-Western Styles in the Classical and Ancient World 48 Augustine of Hippo (Fourth and Fifth Centuries CE) 53 3 Historical Review II: From the Middle Ages through Nineteenth Century US 56 Boethius (Fifth and Sixth Centuries CE) 60 Christine de Pizan 61 Renaissance Style 63 Renaissance Curriculum 66 Erasmus 68 The Ramist Watershed 69 Style in the Enlightenment and the Standardization of English 71 Gutting the Classical Canon: Harvard and the New Curriculum, 1875–1940 76 v vi Contents 4 Contemporary Views on Style 85 Style in Publics and Counterpublics 86 Style, Voice, and Discourse 90 Bakhtin, Dialogism, and Style 94 Bakhtin, Classical Rhetoric, and Postmodern Imitation 97 5 The Relationship Between Style, Voice, and Grammar 102 Linguistics and Style in Rhetoric and Composition 108 Christensen’s Rhetoric 113 Winston Weathers and Alternate Style 115 Sentence-Combining Pedagogies 117 Rhetorical Grammar 119 6 Frontiers of Style in Rhetoric and Composition 123 Language Difference, Linguistic Diversity, and Style 124 Style, Voice, and Feedback in Second Language Writing 131 Women’s Writing and Breaking Rules 135 Style, Academic Genres, and Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) 137 Style, Digital Genres, and Multimodality 141 Conclusion 149 7 Researching Style: Methods in Rhetoric, Composition, and Related Disciplines 151 Rhetoric and Composition 151 Stylistics 156 Discourse Analysis 161 Rhetorical Analysis 164 From Style to Styles: An Overview of Sociolinguistics 168 Dialectology 170 Corpus Linguistics and Stylistics 173 Research(es) on World Englishes and Global English 176 8 Teaching Strategies and Best Practices 182 T. R. Johnson and The Rhetoric of Pleasure 188 Textbooks: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches 191 Approaches Informed by Classical Rhetoric 201 Mixed Approaches 212 Final Thoughts on Teaching Style 218 Glossary 221 Annotated Bibliography: Further Readings on Style 228 Works Cited 234 About the Author 255 Index 257 Acknowledgments The author would like to thank colleagues, friends, and family who helped make this book possible. Special thanks goes to series editors Charles Bazerman, Anis Bawarshi, and Mary Jo Reiff—who offered extensive feedback on drafts and pushed this book to its best form. I appreciated support and encouragement from scholars including Paul Butler, who read the manuscript as it neared completion. Thanks also to David Blakesley, editor of Parlor Press, for timely responses and attention to detail—as well as the close scrutiny of copyeditor Jeff Ludwig. It should be noted that this book is available online through generous efforts by Mike Palmquist, editor of the WAC Clearinghouse. Finally, a debt of gratitude is owed to all of the authors cited here, whose insights into style have provided the foundation for this project. vii Series Editors’ Preface Anis Bawarshi, Charles Bazerman, and Mary Jo Reiff As one of the five rhetorical canons, style has always had a central place in writing, but what that place is has not always been clearly understood. From the point of view of readers, style is something we prize in texts as providing a pleasurable journey through a writer’s thoughts and as a mark of the quality of the writer’s mind and spirit. Writers seek to have a style that will engage the readers and will mark their own authorial distinctiveness. Yet what style consists of, where it comes from, and what its value is has undergone constant redefinitions and controversies. At various stages in its historical treatment, style has been conflated with grammatical correctness and clarity (often associated with plain style) while at other times it has been positioned in opposition to grammatical correctness and conflated with voice and individual expression. Style has been associated, at times, with invention and at other times distinguished from invention. It has been defined both as one of the canons of rhetoric and as the only canon of rhetoric. At times style has been used to promote the value of rhetoric, and at other times it has been used to degrade rhetoric as mere ornamentation. It has been synonymous, at times, with norms and standardization and at other times synonymous with innovation, risk, and difference. At the epi- center of this confusion is style’s complex, co-dependent relationship with rhetoric and grammar: We cannot study and teach style without grammar, and yet its association with grammar (as grammatical correctness) has rendered style marginal. Likewise, we cannot recognize style as strategic performance without associating it with rhetoric, and yet this very association has also at times relegated style as ornament, at best, and dangerously manipulative at worst. ix