Study of the morphology of Altica fragariae (Nakane) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), with first descriptions of the larvae and pupae

2007·10.7 MB·

by  Zhang Yong

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(3), 2007, pp. 661-683
STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF ALTICA FRAGARIAE (NAKANE)
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: ALTICINAE), WITH FIRST
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LARVAE AND PUPAE
YoNG Zhang, Siqin Ge, and Xingke Yang
(YZ, SG, XY) Institute ofZoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 36 box, 25 Bei
SiHuanXiLu, Haidian, Beijing 100080, China; (YZ) Graduate School, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Shijingshan, Beijing 100039, China (e-mail:
[email protected]). Corresponding author: Xingke Yang (e-mail: [email protected])
—
Abstract. Alticafragariae (Nakane) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) is an
oligophagous insect whose host plants are Rosaceae. It is distributed in China and
Japan. The first descriptions of the larvae and pupae and detailed morphological
study ofthe eggs and adult are presented. Illustrations and descriptions are provided
for the morphology of the adult, larva, pupa, and egg. Additionally, the taxonomic
history, distribution, and biological notes of the species are reviewed, including
associations with host plants and laboratory studies. Comparisons are made with the
other species ofAltica Geoffroy. The main differences between Alticafragariae and
other species ofAltica are the morphology ofmale and female genitalia, punctures of
the pronotum in the adult, color, body length, and chaetotaxy of the larvae and
pupae. Sensilla of the antennae and the setae of the tarsus ofmales and females are
discussed.
Key Words: Alticafragariae(Nakane), morphology, egg, larvae, pupae, adult, biology
Altica fragariae (Nakane) belongs to (1936), Ohno (1960), Gressitt and Ki-
the genus Altica Geoffroy (Coleoptera: moto (1963), Scherer (1969), Lopatin
Chrysomehdae: Alticinae). The genus (1977), Chen and Wang (1981), Wang
Altica was estabhshed by Geoffroy in (1992, 1996), and Gruev and Doberl
1762, the type species is Chrysomela (1997). There also have been some
oleracea Linnaeus, 1754, from Sweden, studies on the morphology of Altica,
It is a large genus offlea beetles with over such as Kangas and Rutanen (1993),
300 known world species (Konstantinov Konstantinov (1987, 1998, 2002), Kon-
and Vandenberg 1996). Among them, 28 stantinov and Lopatin (1987), Lee and
speciesaredistributedin China, and six of Furth (2000), and LeSage and Denis
them are endemic species. The classifica- (1999). Altica fragariae was first de-
tion of this genus is not easy because of scribed by Nakane from Japan in 1955
their similar color and morphology. and was placed in the genus Haltica.
There have been several important There are also some studies by Ohno
works on Chinese species of Altica, (I960), Kimoto (1966), Wang (1996),
including Ogloblin (1921, 1925), Chen Guo et al. (1996), and Wang et al.
(2005), but there are no detailed mor-
*CorrespondingAuthor: e-mail: [email protected] phological Study OU this SpCCicS.
662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig. L Alticafragariae: first instar larva. A, Drosal view ofhead. B, Lateral view ofhead. C,
Frontolateral view ofhead. D, Ventral ofthorax. E, Apex offoreleg. F, Ventralview ofapical abdomen
Abbreviations: A10: Abdominal segment 10; Ap: Anal plate; Ant: Antennae; Cx: Coxae; F: Frons; Fm
Femur; Gal: Galea; Lac: Lacinia; Lbp: Labium palpi; Lig: Ligula; Lr: Labrum; M: Mentum; Md
Mandible; MoL: Mesoleg; MtL: Metaleg; Mx: Maxillae; Mxp: Maxillary palpi; Pel: Post clypeus; PrL
Proleg; St: Stipe; Tars: Tarsungulus; Tib-Tar: Tibia-Tarsus.
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Concerning the larvae and pupae, very family Rosaceae. Based on our field
little work have been done. LeSage et al. observations, Alticafragariae is the pre-
(2004) gave a thorough introduction to dominant population among the species
the history ofthe North America species of Altica in the mountainous region of
from Riley (1870) to Lawson (1991). Beijing. It lives in shady, moist, and
LeSage et al. (2004) also gave a detailed concealed conditions of the forest floor.
descriptions oflarvae, eggs, and pupae of Adults and larvae always live on the
Altica chalybea Illiger and A. woodsi underside of the leaves and are difficult
Isely, and compared the differences to find. Females deposit eggs singly or
between these two species. The only more usually in clusters on the underside
treatment for China is Kimoto and of leaves, usually along the central and
Takizawa (1995) who described the tributary veins, and occasionally along
larvae of Altica birmanensis Jacoby, A. leaf edges. Normally, they prefer to
caerulescens (Baly), A. cyanea (Weber), oviposit on the more withered and
A. cirsicola Guerin-Meneville, A. coeru- yellow last two leaves at the bottom of
lea (Olivier), A. japonica Ohno, and A. the host plants. Females consistently
himalayensis (Chen) from Taiwan. smear each egg with a thin layer of
In this paper, a morphological study excrement, but its biological significance
of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of is not known. Philips (1977a, 1997b)
Altica fragariae is presented, including suggested that the smear contains a de-
illustrations and descriptions. Distribu- terrent to arthropod predators or para-
tion and biological notes also are given. sites. The first two instars of the lar-
Further study ofthe functional morphol- vae feed on the underside of the leaves,
ogy should be done to explain differ- and the veins and upper surface are
entiation of the morphology as related left intact. The third-instar larvae and
to the differentiation of their feeding adults also feed on the underside of the
habits. leaves, making the leafsurface appear as
a sieve.
Distribution
This species usually completes two
Altica is distributed throughout the or three generations per year in Beijing
world. Among them, 28 species occur in and with an overlap of generations.
China, and six of them are endemic Overwintering adults emerge in early
species. Alticafragariae is mainly distrib- spring and are first observed on the
uted in China^ Russia, Korea, and Japan. host plants in mid-March, after which
In China, it is recorded fromJilin, Beijing, a period of feeding, and mating occurs.
Shandong, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Fu- Oviposition is in May; after about 7-
jian, and Guizhou. They arealways on the 14 d the first-instar larvae hatch. There
forest floor at altitudes less than 800 m. are three larval instars each lasting about
seven days. Before winter, the over-
Biological Notes wintering adults burrow about three to
Altica fragariae is an oligophageous five cm below the dead wood and dead
species of flea beetle. Based on field leaves forhibernation. We observed a few
observations by Wang et al. (2005), A. adults in late October. In addition, the
fragariae feeds on Agrimonia pilosa beetle overwinters with noticeable aggre-
Ledeb., Potentila flagellaris Willd. ex gation behavior. We have found a big
Schlecht, Geum aleppicwn Jacq., and group of thousands of hibernating indi-
Fragaria ananassa Duchesne besides its viduals gathered in about one square
primary host plant, Duchesnea indica meter of dead leaves in early spring. As
(Andrews) Focke. All belong to the a result, feeding damage was often
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Fig. 3. Alticufragariae: mature larva. A, Ventral viewofprothorax. B, Lateral view ofapical segment
ofabdomen. C, Dorsal view ofapical segments ofabdomen. D, Spiracle. Abbreviations: A9: Abdominal
segment 9; A10: Abdominal segment 10; PrL: Proleg.
localized by post-hibernating adults in All specimens were collected in Badal-
spring. ing Forestry Centre (40.3°N, 116.0°E),
Beijing, China in June and July, 2005,
Material and Methods and were reared in 12 X 11.5 cm glass
All stages of Altica fragariae are jars with sand on the bottom and with
described. Ten individuals of each stage host plants. Fresh leaves were added
were observed, each three times. every day and wilted leaves removed.
ofFhieg.ad2.. D,AltMiocuatfhrpaagarrti.ae:E,maPtroulreeg.larFv,a.MAes,oDloergs.alG,viMeewtoaflehge.ad.H,B,ALpaetxeraolfvpireowleogf.hAebabdr.eCv,iaFtrioonntsa:lAvi1e0w:
Abdominal segment 10; Ap: Anal plate; Ant: Antennae; Cd: Cardo; Cx: Coxae; Fm: Femur; Gal: Galea;
Mx: Maxillae; F: Femur; Lac: Lacinia; Lig: Ligula; Lr: Labrum; Md: Medible; MoL: Mesoleg; MtL:
Metaleg; Mxp: Maxillary palpi; St: Strip; M: Mentum; Lbp: Libium palpi; Pel: Post clypeus; PrL: Proleg;
Fm: Femur; Tr: Trochanter; Tib-Tar: Tibia-Tarsus; Tars: Tarsungulus.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
666
Fig. 4. Altica fragariae: mature larva. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, lateral view.
Abbreviations: Al, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9: Abdominal segment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; Ant:
Antenna; H: Head; Mol: Mesoleg; Ms: Mesothorax; Mt: Metathorax; MtL: Metaleg; Pr: Pronotum; Pt:
Prothorax; PrL: Proleg; Sp: Spiracle.
Fig. 5. Alticafragariae. Pupa. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: Al,
A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7: Abdominal segmenets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; FrL: Foreleg; MoL: Mesoleg; MtL:
Metaleg; Ms: Mesothorax; Mt: Metathorax; Pr: Pronotum; U: Urogomphi.
Fig. 6. Alticafragariae, adult. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, lateral view. C, Frontal view of
head. D, Lateralviewofhead. E, Eyes. F, Partial viewofeyes. G, Pronotum. H, Posteriorsetigerouspore
ofpronotum. Abbreivations: An: Antennae; Clp: Clypeus; E: Eye; Fls: Frontolateral sulcus; Ft: Frontal
tubercle; Lb: Labium; Lbr: Labrum; Md: Mandible; Mfs: Midfrontal sulcus; Mx: Maxilla; Ors: Orbital
sulcus; S: Setae; Scs: Supracallinal sulcus; Sfs: Suprafrontal sulcus; Sos: Supraorbital sulcus; Sp:
Setigerous pore.
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Jars were kept closed except when pictures were evaluated and assembled
adding leaves and removing dead mate- with Adobe Photoshop® CS 8.0 and
rials. Rearing was at 25°C, 16: 8 LD, and Illustrator® CS software.
80% humidity. Intervals of egg laying The terminology follows Suzuki (1988,
and eclosion, different instars, and pu- 1994), Konstantinov and Vandenberg
pation were recorded. (1996), Cox (1998), and Cox et al. (1999).
Adults were dissected and stored in The specimens studied are deposited in
pure alcohol, and some put in a 10% Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy
solution of potassium hydroxide for ofSciences, Beijing, P. R. China (IZAS).
study of the head, mouthparts, and
Descriptionof Eggs, Larvaeand Pupae
internal skeleton. All materials, including
adults and larvae, were put into an Egg (Figs. IIG, H).—Color: Usually
ultrasonic cleaner before studying them yellowish. Morphometries: Length: 0.48-
under the SEM. Adult samples were 0.52 mm, width: 0.20-0.23 mm. Form:
dehydrated in different percentages of Cylindrical, rounded at both apices
alcohol followed by air drying and gold- (Fig. 1 IG), widest at middle and narrow-
sputter coating. Specimens were photo- ing towards base and micropyle region
graphed with a KYKY 2800 SEM. (narrowest below micropyle region),
Larvae were transferred directly from sometimes symmetrical, apex flattened,
pure alcohol onto an SEM-stub and into with a shell and strip of excrement on
the microscope with XL20 ESEM-TMP surface, and with many air holes and
without prior fixation or coating at low some separated irregular polygon loops
vacuum. This technique gave a much (Fig. IIH).
better result than the traditional method Eggs are laid in star-shaped clusters
of fixation and gold-sputter coating. perpendicular to the substrate with end
However, because larvae degrade rapid- opposite the micropyle affixed to the
ly, they should not be removed from back of the leaves.
alcohol until immediately before study First-instar larva (Fig. 1). Shape:
under the microscope. They can be Eruciform. Color: Living specimens dark
retrieved and stored again in alcohol yellowish; alcohol specimens deep dark
after being studied. In order to study the yellowish. Morphometries: Length: 0.08-
mandibles that are normally covered by 0.12 mm.
the clypeus and labrum, we removed The morphology offirst-instar larva is
them from the larvae by dissection in similar to the mature larva. We do not
alcohol. In the SEM microscope, we give a detailed description, but illustrate
photographed the front, lateral, and the morphology to show the basic
dorsal views of the larval head, and morphological features.
closeups of the anterior view of the Mature larva (Figs. 2^). Habitus:
mouthparts and legs. Drawings of the Eruciform (Figs. 4A, B); slightly curved
skeleton were made with a camera lucida when preserved.
MZ
on a Leica 125. For the female Color: Living specimens bright yellow,
genitalia a Zeiss Axioplan microscope sclerites dark. Alcohol specimens dark
and Analysis® software were used. All yellow, with head, pronotum, legs, and
Fig. 7. Alticafragariae, adult. A, Ventral view ofmandible. B, Dorsal view ofmaxillae. C, Ventral
view of mandible. D, Ventral view of Maxilla. F, Ventral oflacinia and galea. G, Setae of lacinia. H,
Apical segment of antennae. Abbreviations: G: Gelea; L: Lacinia; Lb: Labium; Lbr: Labrum; Md:
Mandible; Mp: Maxillary palpi; Mx: Maxilla.
670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON