Study Guide to Accompany Computer and Data Processing PDF
Preview Study Guide to Accompany Computer and Data Processing
STUDY GUIDE to accompany COMPUTERS DATA AND PROCESSING HARVEY M. DEITEL Boston College BARBARA DEITEL ® ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Säo Paulo Copyright ©1985 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without per- mission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition Published by Academic Press, Inc. (London) Ltd., 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX ISBN: 0-12-209021-7 Printed in the United States of America Preface TO THE STUDENT This Study Guide has been designed to help you 15 matching master the material in Computers and Data Pro- 15 fill-in-the-blanks cessing quickly and efficiently. Each chapter con- 15 true/false tains four essential features. 15 multiple choice First, each chapter restates the learning objec- And fourth, each chapter contains the answers tives from the main text. This is to remind you of to each of the 60 short answer questions. the main goals of the chapter. Computers and Data Processing is ordinarily Second, each chapter includes a section titled used in first courses in computers and data "Taking Notes" in which we have prepared a de- processing. These courses generally seek more tailed outline to help you review the material. breadth than depth—they try to introduce a wide This is designed to save you an enormous amount range of topics without going too deeply into any of time—we have essentially taken your review one topic. To do well in a course such as this, you notes for you. must invest the study time. Third, each chapter contains 60 carefully cho- sen short answer questions divided into groups: STUDYING THE MAIN TEXT We have prepared this Study Guide to help you do each of these boldface terms and the pages on well in this course. What can you do to learn the which they appear. material well and obtain a good grade? For each 5. Read the chapter Summary. We have included chapter in the main text you should: 15 summary points in each chapter. These items contain many of the most important 1. Read the chapter objectives ("After reading concepts and ideas from the chapter. Study this chapter you will understand . . ."); these these carefully. give you the major learning goals of the 6. Read the 30 Important Terms we have listed chapter. in alphabetical order at the end of the chap- 2. Read the chapter outline; this will help you ter. These are the most important terms in appreciate the major topics to be covered in the chapter. The glossary at the end of the the chapter. text contains definitions for each of the 570 3. Read the chapter several times. Some stu- important terms. dents prefer to read it once and to underline 7. Do the 20 Self-Review Exercises at the end of important terms and concepts; these students each chapter—10 matching and 10 fill-in-the- often tend to underline large portions of the blanks. Answers are provided for each of chapter. If instead you invest the time in read- these. Check your answers and reread por- ing the chapter several times, you'll underline tions of the chapter that you feel you may not much less and probably understand much fully understand. more. 8. Answer each of the 10 Discussion Questions. 4. As you read the chapter, pay special attention Most of the answers will be apparent from a to any terms that are shown in boldface type; careful reading of the text; some of them, these are the more important terms in the however, require you to state your own opin- chapter. The index at the back of the text lists ions on controversial questions. VIII Preface 9. The Projects listed at the end of each chapter the society around you. These are not essen- are designed to supplement your classroom tial to mastering the material in each chapter, work. Many of them ask you to perform but they can be of great value in helping you work outside the classroom to experience the appreciate computers. applications and implications of computers in STUDYING THE STUDY GUIDE After you have read a chapter in the main text, 3. Answer each of the 60 self-review questions. studied the end-of-chapter materials, performed 4. Check your answers. the Self-Review Exercises and checked your an- 5. Use the glossary and the index in the main swers, and answered the 10 Discussion Ques- text to locate information about any of the tions, you should proceed to the corresponding terms or concepts that you may still not chanter in this Study Guide. understand. 1. Read the chapter objectives as restated in the 6. Ask your instructor, your teaching assistant, Study Guide. or your fellow classmates to explain any pas- 2. Carefully study the detailed chapter outline sages of the text or any concepts you feel you presented under Taking Notes. don't fully understand. GENERAL STUDY HINTS This section contains some additional suggestions questions, you should take advantage of these to help you do well in this course. Most of these hours. suggestions will be helpful in your other courses 6. Go to class; the easiest way to do poorly in a as well. course is to miss classes. 1. Keep a large desk calendar. Enter the dates of 7. If you have to miss a class, contact the in- all quizzes, exams, final exams, major proj- structor, the teaching assistant, or a fellow ects, class presentations, and so on, as soon student immediately to find out what was dis- as you get them. cussed and what assignments were given. 2. Budget your time. You should reserve a cer- 8. If your course includes programming assign- tain amount of time for this course each ments, you should think out each problem week—preferably on a regular schedule. carefully and write the programs before get- ting on the computer. 3. Don't wait until the last minute to start an assignment or to prepare for an exam, espe- 9. When you get exams and quizzes back, re- cially in a computer course; computers have a view your weak areas immediately and seek way of malfunctioning, and computer labs help with any problems. become incredibly busy on the night before We hope you'll find this Study Guide helpful in an assignment is due. mastering the material in Computers and Data 4. Try to read ahead. Read each chapter at least Processing. We would appreciate your comments once before the material is due to be pre- and criticisms addressed to sented in class. You'll be amazed at how much Computer Science Editor more meaningful the classes become. Academic Press, Inc. 5. If you have a problem, don't be reluctant to College Division seek help. Most instructors and teaching as- Orlando, FL 32887 sistants post regular office hours. If you have Good luck! 1 The Information Revolution HELP OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you will understand: 1. What the Information Revolution is and how it is affecting our lives 2. Why it is important to study computers 3. Some of the key benefits of using computers 4. Some of the dangers of increasing our depen- dency on computers 5. How this text is organized 2 Chapter 1 TAKING NOTES Introducing the Computer (1) total cash receipts (2) prepare company payrolls 1. The Industrial Revolution has brought about (3) prepare customer receipts machines that extended our muscle power. (4) prepare tax returns Today the Information Revolution is extend- (5) compute missile trajectories ing our brain power through computer tech- (6) control robots nology. Computers can help us (7) control traffic lights a. do in hours what might otherwise take (8) control air traffic to avoid collisions days 1. Personal computers can fit on desk tops b. manage our personal and business lives and are as powerful as giant computers c. get information sooner of only a few years ago; they cost any- d. help us make personal and business where from a few hundred to a few decisions thousand dollars 2. General facts: m. Computers help to create new products a. Information handling is the most com- 3. For this text computers were used to mon occupation in the U.S. today a. write the text—word processing b. We are an information-based society b. typeset—computerized photocomposi- c. Computers, unknown by most people tion system a decade ago, have become common c. photographs and color diagrams— fixtures in homes, classrooms, small computerized laser-scanning system businesses d. marketing survey—computer compiled d. Businesses have become so dependent results on computers it might be difficult to get e. computer scanning of faculty lists to de- an office job without some kind of com- termine who might be interested in puter experience receiving examination copies e. Robots have replaced blue-collar work- ers on assembly lines and may replace white-collar workers in the future The Benefits f. Computers could become the world's 1. To be able to benefit from computers their largest industry within the next decade technology must be understood. They are g. It has been forecast that IBM could be- problem-solving tools—users must be able to come the world's largest company by a. ask the right questions about problems the year 2000 b. know how to manipulate the informa- h. Computers are becoming more afford- tion correctly to reach an answer able because of microprocessor technol- ogy (silicon chips) 2. When a computer is understood and pro- i. People are having more contact with grammed correctly it can computers a. be fun to use j. Computers follow instructions called b. reduce tedious work computer programs (software) written c. improve the lives of disadvantaged and by computer programmers handicapped people k. Programs can instruct a computer to d. facilitate breakthroughs in medicine perform functions such as e. increase leisure time The Information Revolution 3 f. speed the pace of education g. people are giving computers more to do g. make businesses more profitable h. user-friendly systems allow untrained h. improve communication users easy use of computers i. make transportation smoother, safer, i. speech synthesis and speech recognition and faster will allow users to converse with com- j. help to save energy and natural puters in everyday English resources j. laser technology will greatly affect the k. help reduce crime computing industry in the next several 1. control the cost of government decades m. explore outer space A Tour of the Text The Dangers 1. Part One—An informal introduction to the 1. Many people consider computers to be dan- computer field gerous because a. Chapter 1 The Information Revolu- a. they could be used to invade our tion—presents basic computing privacy concepts and overviews the text b. they could be used to wage war b. Chapter 2 The Evolution of Comput- c. they could relegate us to pushing but- ers—traces the evolution of modern tons destroying the incentive to work computing and achieve (1) early computing devices d. they could create unemployment as ma- (2) microchips chines displace workers (3) history—divided into four e. computer-controlled weapons could be- generations come so complex that we might lose (4) each generation is defined by major control of them and start an accidental innovations in electronics nuclear war technology f. a poorly designed system could cause a (5) a fifth generation is expected about life support system to fail 1990 Looking to the Future 2. Part Two—Introduces computer hardware (the actual equipment) 1. Through the 1970s and early 1980s inflation a. Chapter 3 The Processor—discusses the hit many industries but computing costs de- processor (the brain of the computer) creased; the future is expected to bring (1) describes how microprocessors are a. continued decreases in the cost of made (silicon chips) computing (2) describes the physical operation of b. more computing power than we could computers possibly use (3) discusses biochips ("living c. data communications costs will decline computers") d. transmission capacities will increase b. Chapter 4 Input: Gateway to the Com- e. huge amounts of information will be puter—considers ways data is entered transmitted between computers at great into computers speeds and nominal cost (1) typewriterlike keyboards (used f. new applications will help to create today) new careers and more benefits (2) user-friendly methods 4 Chapter 1 (a) touch sensing—users touch the (5) fiber optics (laser transmissions over display screen glass "wires") (b) speech recognition—computer 3 Part Three—deals with software (computer recognizes spoken commands programs), the instructions that programmers (c) devices that read markings on write to inform the computer how to solve paper automatically problems c. Chapter 5 Output: Getting Results a. Chapter 8 Structured Programming— from the Computer—examines how presents a general discussion of pro- computers present their outputs gram design principles (results) (1) structured flowcharting and (1) various types of printers pseudocode—techniques that foster (2) laser printing high-quality computer programs (a) the technology of the future (2) chief programmer team concept (b) how intense light is used to form b. Chapter 9 Programming Languages— letters, digits and pictures considers various important program- (c) computer-controlled lasers ming languages in common use could bring about three- (1) machine languages of the 1940s dimensional TV by laser (2) query (English-like) languages of holography the 1980s (3) operation of display screen (3) BASIC terminals (4) FORTRAN (4) computerized speech generation (5) COBOL (synthesis) (6) PL/1 (5) computer output microfilm (7) APL operation (8) Pascal (6) computer graphics—computerized (9)C preparation and processing of (10) Ada pictures (11) Forth (7) how computers are being used to (12) LISP solve the mystery of the Shroud of (13) LOGO Turin c. Chapter 10 Structured Systems Analysis d. Chapter 6 Secondary Storage—consid- and Design; Systems Acquisition—dis- ers storage and retrieval of computer- cusses the development, installation, accessible information from secondary evaluation, and control of computer storage devices systems (1) magnetic tape devices (1) development of computer-based (2) magnetic disk devices systems (3) laser optical disks (2) several popular means for acquiring e. Chapter 7 Data Communications—ex- systems from various types of sys- amines the movement of data between tem suppliers computer systems d. Chapter 11 Database Management Sys- (1) types of communications networks tems, Management Information (2) communications via space satellites Systems, Decision Support Systems— (3) security and privacy issues discusses computer applications systems (4) transborder data flow (transmission useful to businesses and organizations of data across international borders) (1) database management systems The Information Revolution 5 (DBMS)—control the secure stor- (7) portable, transportable, and note- age and accessing of information book computers (2) management information systems b. Chapter 14 Office Automation—dis- (MIS)—computerized systems that cusses how computers and provide management with informa- communications help automate tion on a regular schedule to aid in information-processing in offices planning, organizing, directing, (1) computerized work stations tied controlling into local communications networks (3) decision support systems (DSS)— (within the office) and long haul interactive computer-based systems network (between cities) to support management in decision (2) word processing—computerized making (for example, VisiCalc elec- text manipulation tronic worksheet) (3) electronic mail e. Chapter 12 Operating Systems—con- (4) facsimile (picture) transmission siders the functions and capabilities of (5) voice mail software systems that manage computer (6) teleconferencing hardware to make it more friendly and (7) electronic blackboard usable c. Chapter 15 Electronic Funds Transfer (1) multiuser operating systems Systems, Security, Privacy, and Com- (2) single user operating systems puter Crime—discusses (3) popular personal computer operat- (1) EFT—the storage and movement of ing systems money as electronic signals (a) UNIX—developed by Bell (2) privacy and social issues Laboratories (3) important legislation and (b) XENIX—developed by regulations Microsoft (4) computer crimes and how to pre- (c) MS-DOS (IBM's PC-DOS)— vent them developed by Microsoft 5. Part Five—computer applications in society (d) CP/M a. Chapter 16 Robotics and Artificial In- 4. Part Four—applications for computers in telligence—discusses business (1) thinking computers (AI) that rea- a. Chapter 13 Personal Computing— son, make value judgments, plot traces the evolution of personal strategies computers (2) chess-playing computers (1) IBM Personal Computer (3) expert systems—computer systems (2) Apple Macintosh that function at the levels of human (3) capabilities and services of a retail experts in various fields computer store (a) designed to contain cumulative (4) how to buy or lease a personal knowledge computer (b) rules of thumb (5) applications—save energy, plan (c) expert medical diagnosis meals, balance checkbooks, home systems budgeting, reminders (d) expert prospecting systems (6) videotex services—combine com- (4) robots—steel collar workers puters and communications (a) programming and operation
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