Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

379 Pages·2015·36.12 MB·English

by  Linda Swisher

STUDY GUIDE FOR
Anatomy &
Physiology
NINTH EDITION
KEVIN T. PATTON
GARY A. THIBODEAU
Written by: LINDA SWISHER, RN, EdD
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology, Ninth Edition ISBN: 978-0-323-31689-7
Copyright © 2016, 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notices
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Introduction
This study guide to accompany Anatomy and Physiology, IDENTIFY THE TERM THAT DOES
ninth edition, is designed to help you be successful in NOT BELONG
learning anatomy and physiology. Before attempting to
In questions that ask you to identify the incorrect term,
complete any chapter in the study guide, thoroughly read
three words are given that relate to each other in structure
the corresponding chapter in the textbook, learn the key
and function, and one more word is included that has no
terms listed at the beginning and end of each textbook
relationship to the other three terms. You are asked to
chapter, and study your lecture notes. You will then be
circle the term that does not relate to the others. An
prepared to complete the questions and exercises that are
example might be: iris, stapes, cornea, and retina. You
provided for each chapter.
would circle stapes because all other terms refer to the eye.
Each chapter in the study guide begins with a brief
overview of the chapter concepts. A variety of questions is
offered to help you cover the material effectively. These APPLICATION QUESTIONS
questions include multiple choice, true or false, matching,
Application questions ask you to make a judgment based
short answer, clinical challenges, labeling, and crossword
on the information in the chapter. These questions may
puzzles. After completing the exercises in a chapter, you
ask you how you would respond to a situation or to suggest
can check your answers in the back of the book. Each
a possible diagnosis for a set of symptoms.
answer is referenced to the appropriate text page. Addi-
tionally, questions are grouped into specific topics that
correspond to the text. Each major topic of the study guide LABELING EXERCISES
provides references to specific areas of the text, so if you
Labeling exercises present diagrams with parts that are not
are having difficulty with a particular grouping of ques-
identified. According to the directions given, fill in the
tions, you have a specific reference area to assist you with
appropriate labels on the numbered lines or match the
remedial work. This feature allows you to identify your
numbers with the list of terms provided.
area of weakness accurately.
CROSSWORD PUZZLES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Vocabulary words from the Language of Science and Language
For each multiple choice question, there is only one correct
of Medicine sections in each chapter of the text have been
answer out of the choices given. Circle the correct choice.
developed into crossword puzzles. This exercise encourages
recall and proper spelling.
TRUE OR FALSE
Read each statement carefully and write true or false in ONE LAST QUICK CHECK
the blank provided.
This section selects questions from throughout the chapter
to provide you with a final review. This mini-test gives you
MATCHING an overview of your knowledge of the chapter after com-
pleting all of the other sections. It emphasizes the main
Match each numbered term or statement in the left-hand
concepts of the unit but should not be attempted until the
column with its corresponding lettered term or statement
specific topics of the chapter have been mastered.
in the right-hand column. Write the correct letters in the
blanks provided.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Fill-in-the-blank questions ask you to recall missing word(s)
and insert it (them) into the answer blank(s). These ques-
tions may involve sentences or paragraphs.
Copyright © 2016, 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. iii
Acknowledgments
Iw ish to express my appreciation to the staff at Elsevier, of quality health care for our future and instill in each
and especially to Tom Wilhelm, Jeff Downing, Kellie student a deep appreciation for the wonders of the human
White, Billie Sharp, Divya Krishnakumar, Joe Gramlich, body.
and Samantha Taylor for their guidance and support. My Finally, this book is dedicated in memory of my beloved
continued admiration and thanks to Kevin Patton for husband Bill—my beautiful connection to the past, and to
another outstanding edition of the text and to Gary Sam, Mandi, Billy, Maddie, and Heather—the sunshine of
Thibodeau who sets the bar for us all to achieve. The time my life and my link to the future.
and dedication to science education that you both have
given will undoubtedly contribute to the advancement Linda Swisher, RN, EdD
Copyright © 2016, 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Contents
Chapter 1 Organization of the Body, 1 Chapter 26 Endocrine Glands, 169
Chapter 2 Homeostasis, 9 Chapter 27 Blood, 175
Chapter 3 Chemical Basis of Life, 13 Chapter 28 The Heart, 181
Chapter 4 Biomolecules, 17 Chapter 29 Blood Vessels, 187
Chapter 5 Cell Structure, 21 Chapter 30 Circulation of Blood, 195
Chapter 6 Cell Function, 25 Chapter 31 Lymphatic System, 201
Chapter 7 Cell Growth and Development, 31 Chapter 32 Innate Immunity, 207
Chapter 8 Introduction to Tissues, 37 Chapter 33 Adaptive Immunity, 211
Chapter 9 Tissue Types, 41 Chapter 34 Stress, 215
Chapter 10 Skin, 49 Chapter 35 Respiratory Tract, 219
Chapter 11 Skeletal Tissues, 57 Chapter 36 Ventilation, 227
Chapter 12 Axial Skeleton, 63 Chapter 37 Gas Exchange and Transport, 233
Chapter 13 Appendicular Skeleton, 75 Chapter 38 Upper Digestive Tract, 237
Chapter 14 Articulations, 85 Chapter 39 Lower Digestive Tract, 243
Chapter 15 Axial Muscles, 93 Chapter 40 Digestion and Absorption, 251
Chapter 16 Appendicular Muscles, 99 Chapter 41 Nutrition and Metabolism, 257
Chapter 17 Muscle Contraction, 107 Chapter 42 Urinary System, 263
Chapter 18 Nervous System Cells, 115 Chapter 43 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, 271
Chapter 19 Nerve Signaling, 123 Chapter 44 Acid-Base Balance, 275
Chapter 20 Central Nervous System, 129 Chapter 45 Male Reproductive System, 279
Chapter 21 Peripheral Nervous System, 139 Chapter 46 Female Reproductive System, 287
Chapter 22 Autonomic Nervous System, 147 Chapter 47 Growth and Development, 295
Chapter 23 Physiology of Sensation, 151 Chapter 48 Genetics and Heredity, 301
Chapter 24 Sense Organs, 155 Answer Key, 307
Chapter 25 Endocrine Regulation, 163 Solutions to Crossword Puzzles, 357
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Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. v
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1
CHAPTER   
Organization of the Body
The study of anatomy and physiology involves the structure and function of an organism and the relationship of its
parts. It starts with a basic organization of the body into different structural levels. Beginning with the smallest level
(the cell) and progressing to the largest, most complex level (the system), this chapter familiarizes you with the terminology
and the levels of organization needed to facilitate the study of the body in parts or as a whole.
It is also important to be able to identify and describe specific body areas or regions as we progress in this field. The
anatomical position is used as a reference when dissecting the body into planes, regions, or cavities. The terminology in
this chapter allows you to describe the areas efficiently and accurately. It is important to have a basic understanding of
the structural levels of organization—the planes, regions, and cavities of the body—and to be familiar with the terminol-
ogy used to describe these areas before progressing on to the concept of homeostasis.
I—SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 7. Systemic anatomy refers to anatomical investigation:
a. at a microscopic level.
True or False
b. that begins in the head and neck and concludes
1. _____ A hypothesis is a theory with a high degree
at the feet.
of confidence.
c. that approaches the study of the body by systems:
2. _____ Rigorous experiments that eliminate any groups of organs having a common function.
influences or biases not being directly tested are d. at the cellular level.
called controlled experiments.
8. Physiology refers to the:
3. _____ Cadavers are dead bodies. a. nature of human function.
b. structure of the human form.
4. _____ If data proves to be biased in a hypothesis,
c. evolution of human thought.
you may refine the hypothesis.
d. accuracy of measuring the human physique.
5. _____ If repeat experiments are consistent, scientists
9. The removal of waste products in the body is
may begin to call a hypothesis, a theory which
achieved by a process known as:
provides more credibility and confidence.
a. secretion.
If you had difficulty with this section, review page 4. b. excretion.
c. circulation.
d. conductivity.
II—ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY:
LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE AND 10. Metabolism is the:
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE a. exchange of gases in the blood.
b. formation of new cells in the body to permit
Multiple Choice—select the best answer.
growth.
6. Anatomy refers to:
c. sum total of all physical and chemical reactions
a. using devices to investigate parameters such as
occurring in the body.
heart rate and blood pressure.
d. production and delivery of specialized substances
b. investigating human structure via dissection and
for diverse body functions.
other methods.
c. studying the unusual manner in which an 11. Standardizing terminology avoids:
organism responds to painful stimuli. a. confusion.
d. examining the chemistry of life. b. terms that are based on a person’s name.
c. assistance with physiological terms.
d. misspelling of common terms.
If you had difficulty with this section, review pages 4-6.
Copyright © 2016, 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1
2 CHAPTER 1 Organization of the Body
III—LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Matching—match each system with its
corresponding functions.
Multiple Choice—select the best answer.
a. support and movement
12. Beginning with the smallest level, the levels of
b. communication, control, and integration
organization of the body are:
c. reproduction and development
a. cellular, chemical, tissue, organelle, organ, system,
d. transportation and defense
organism.
e. respiration, nutrition, and excretion
b. cellular, chemical, organelle, organ, tissue,
organism, system. 22. ______ integumentary system
c. chemical, cellular, organelle, organ, system,
23. ______ skeletal system
organism.
d. chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, 24. ______ muscular system
organism.
25. ______ nervous system
13. Molecules are:
26. ______ endocrine system
a. combinations of atoms forming larger chemical
aggregates. 27. ______ digestive system
b. electrons orbiting a nucleus.
28. ______ respiratory system
c. a complex of electrons arranged in orderly shells.
d. composed of cellular organelles. 29. ______ cardiovascular system
14. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic 30. ______ lymphatic system
reticulum are examples of:
31. ______ urinary system
a. macromolecules.
b. cytoplasm. 32. ______ reproductive system
c. organelles.
If you had difficulty with this section, review pages 7-9.
d. nuclei.
15. Blood production is a function of which system?
IV—ANATOMICAL POSITION,
a. circulatory
BODY CAVITIES, BODY REGIONS,
b. respiratory
ANATOMICAL TERMS, BODY PLANES
c. skeletal
AND SECTIONS
d. urinary
Multiple Choice—select the best answer.
16. Support and movement are functions of which
33. In the anatomical position, the subject is:
systems?
a. seated with the head facing forward.
a. respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems
b. standing with the arms at the sides and palms
b. reproductive and urinary systems
facing forward.
c. skeletal and muscular systems
c. seated with arms parallel to the ground.
d. cardiovascular and lymphatic/immune systems
d. standing with the arms at the sides and palms
facing backward.
Matching—match the term with the proper
selection. 34. The dorsal body cavity contains the:
a. many similar cells that act together to perform a a. brain and spinal cord.
common function b. abdominal organs.
b. the most complex units that make up the body c. pelvic organs.
c. a group of several different kinds of tissues d. thoracic organs.
arranged to perform a special function
35. The ventral body cavity contains the:
d. collections of molecules that perform a function
a. thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
e. the smallest “living” units of structure and function
b. thoracic cavity only.
17. ______ organelle c. abdominopelvic cavity only.
d. brain and spinal cord.
18. ______ cells
36. The axial portion of the body consists of:
19. ______ tissue
a. arms, neck, and torso.
20. ______ organ b. neck, torso, and legs.
c. torso, arms, and legs.
21. ______ systems
d. head, neck, and torso.
Copyright © 2016, 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
CHAPTER 1 Organization of the Body 3
37. The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the Circle the correct answer.
following except the:
43. The stomach is (superior or inferior) to the
a. kidneys.
diaphragm.
b. pancreas.
c. lungs. 44. The nose is located on the (anterior or posterior)
d. urinary bladder. surface of the body.
38. The mediastinum contains all of the following except 45. The lungs lie (medial or lateral) to the heart.
the:
46. The elbow lies (proximal or distal) to the forearm.
a. esophagus.
b. aorta. 47. The skin is (superficial or deep) to the muscles
c. lungs. below it.
d. trachea.
48. A midsagittal plane divides the body into (equal or
39. Visceral peritoneum would cover which of the unequal) parts.
following organs?
49. A frontal plane divides the body into (anterior and
a. heart
posterior or superior and inferior) sections.
b. liver
c. lungs 50. A transverse plane divides the body into (right and
d. brain left or upper and lower) sections.
40. A sagittal section would divide the body into: 51. A coronal plane may also be referred to as a
a. upper and lower parts. (sagittal or frontal) plane.
b. right and left sides.
Matching—select the correct term from the
c. front and back portions.
choices given and insert the letter in the
d. none of the above.
answer blank.
41. A coronal section would divide the body into:
a. ventral cavity
a. upper and lower parts.
b. dorsal cavity
b. right and left sides.
c. front and back portions. 52. ______ thoracic
d. none of the above.
53. ______ cranial
42. Inguinal is a term referring to which body region?
54. ______ abdominal
a. anterior portion of elbow
b. armpit 55. ______ pelvic
c. posterior knee
56. ______ mediastinum
d. groin
57. ______ pleural
Copyright © 2016, 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1987 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.