Study File for Block 8 S103 Discovering Science by Peter Taylor [2004] {539.7--oclc}

2004·13.8 MB·English

by  Peter Taylor

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discovering

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‘Note thatthe times shown in the sty plan overeaf do
ol inelde the Gime shat you wil need to ans
‘qsstons on the DVD and tbe TMA, making use ofthe
Set book, watching the TV programme, atending
Sessions at you lea or resioal ent or tellecting on
‘what you have Iearnd and how you have lured it
Past stadents have also comimenied that nr estimate of
the times needed for he stuy of the DVD-maltimedia
sti an likely To belo

Study Guide for Block 8

Discavering Science is divided ino two halves, Inthe
Firs half ofthe course we have taken the world apart,
stating with the Earth and the Universe, and moving
dovin the scale of sizes. The second half ofthe course
builds the world back up again, starting wih toms, and
Block § marks the begining ofthis process.

“This block is divided nto thre pats. Inthe Fist part
Sections 2to 5, the understanding of the structure of
toms that you developed in the fist part of Block Tis
applied to classify and interpret the properties and
structures of chemical compounds. This also helps to
explain the distebution of the elements in the Periodic
Table tht you met in Block 6. Inthe second part
Sections 6 10 LJ, we concentrate on important features of
chemical ection: the energy changes associated with
reaelions:faciors that determine the amount of product
thats formed and how fasta reaction proceeds. Tn in
the last part ofthe block, Sections 12-17, we examine
some ofthe ways that this chemistry is applied inthe
developed world, Our main top is erude oil und
petrochemicals, an this is use to introduce the
‘hemistry of carbon compos

“Most ofthe blocks up to now have been building on
‘knowledge and skills acquired in earlier blocks, In Block
Sve sar the process of drasring this knowledge
together. Also, you will apply skills in new contexts, so
‘you will se how they ean he transferee eam one sea
ofstudy to another,

“The study plan overleaf shows the components of Block
1. As in Block 6 the two DVD-video alivitis are used
to demonstrate experiments. The fist shows some of the
contrasting properties of diferent substances that ae
introduced in the preceding section of the book. The
seconds wed i rather a diferent way it ineodvces
Features uf reactions that you wll meet in the subsequent
sections. You may wish t0 view this DVD-video more
than once

‘The practical activity (7-1) shoold be catied out
sometime during your study of Section 7, and ther is
an ational opional practical activity (15.3)
associated with Section 15, The euipment snd most
ofthe chemicals required for these practical activites
ar hkely 0 he availble in the home, but you may
need to buy afew chemicals ata pharmacy Please
‘tke sure that you check what you need well ahead of

“Thewe ate three main DVD packages relating to Block
8, and two ofthese are designed ta he tui in more
fan one session. In Activity 8.1 you will need to use
the $103 graph plotter i you did not use this in Block
7, you shoul make time hefore Section 8 1 work
through the audio introduction on the Block 7 DVD.

In adltion, we introduce an application called

‘Web. ab, which wil enable you to visualize the Uree
slimensional shapes of the molecules of many of the
‘chemical compounds that you met in Sections 12-16
Activity 12.2 introduces you to this package. and afer
‘uly this activity you ean use WebLab when you
‘wish to view compounds introduced in the fext, As in
previous blocks dere ate some questions on the DVD
that allow you wo assess your understanding of the
black, The mast appropriate times to do these would
be after completing the three main parts of he block
‘hats, after Sections 5, 11 and 17.

Block Wis assessed in TMAQ@. The cut-off date for
this assignments listed inthe Sma Calendar

A three week period is lloated for studying Block 8
and the study plan overleaf gives estimates ofthe
mes required for each section.

‘Two'TV programmes are particularly relevant othe
material in Block “Liquid crystals and “Hidden
visions. The transmission times ean be fun! in the
Sud Calendar

{Gapyigic © 2008 The Open Unversity
4S

‘SUP 83609 0
8 Building with atoms

{All study times are in hours

Week Sections of Book 8 Total study OVD-multimedia, DVD-video
‘time ‘and practical

I
| i
| |
q
Hill
|
é.

‘Llauid crystals’ and Hidden visions’ shouldbe viewed at some
time during or mmediataly ater your study of Block 8

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discovering

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Study File for Block 8

Contents

Notes on activities

Comments on activities

Objectives for Block 8

Appendix 1: funetlonal groups and thelr reactions:
Appendix 2: what to do If you are short of time
‘Appondix 3: article for use with Activities 6.2 and 17.1

2Seghu

Notes on activities

‘You should rea though he notes fr eich avy hafoeatempting it. AR
completing an acti you shou ay the relevant comments inthe ext section of the
Study File. No estimate of time is piven or actives that sul ake 10 mina ot es

ty 3.1 Working out the electron configurations of atoms 1-20
Table 3.1.1 shows the ist 20 clemens, We hive ale ssignedelestron

to i of theve atoms. Workout the 14 mising electron coiratios nd
table, Figure 3.3 inthe book cnthns some easel information fr this aii

aiguations
nplete the

om oligos fos fe is 2 omens

Aw | Aton nbs | lesuon oaison

‘pgign 202 The Ops Unveny SUP 66585 5
Activity 3.2. Working out electron configurations at high atomic
umber

For this city; yo aed apply the same techies tat you asin Act 3.
but a mich highesstomic nomber. According 0 Figure 3.9, rid (Rb) isa Group 1
lal mea and radi (a isa Group neta

(4) What are he outerelectr configurations ofthe toms of these vo elements?
(6) Now wse Figures 3.6 and 3:7 to work ot nd write dwn tefl ston

‘configurations othe rubidium and eds, Do these configustons ace with
{you answer to he Fit part this question?

Activity 3.3. Electron configurations and chemical periodicity
(The estimate ne fortis atti 49 mises)

“The CD-ROM setiviy “Chemical periodicity and elecwon stuetue” wil enforce your
understanding ofthe sels and sub-shell occupel by electrons in tons andthe
relaonship between eles eotiguations and chemical pevodcity. Te covers the
Same grounds Sections andi llega ay, and provides valuable sel
{sssessnet and revision queso,

‘Chemical periaicity and lotr structure’ im the Book 8 CD-ROM. You should
studs ne

Activity 4.4 Viewing the properties of ionic compounds and
‘molecular substances

sacs SO mines.)

(he estate tine for

“This vido atvitysyppons Section by dennntatng difrcaesin the properties of
ionic compounds and molecule substances using iodine, sulfa, arbon disulide and
‘wo alkali metal halides, sav chorde ad potassium ide, The expermonts
ince the following

| Contrasting the meling temperatures of arb dali odine and sulfur with
‘hose of li metal Rais.

2 Contrasting the solubities of ine slur nl sium chide i esbon
<isulfide — a solvent tht resembles presse removing Kui ike pot

3. Consasing the electra conductivity of iui slur with hat of mate lal
ictal als,

4 Contrasting the solubilities of sims chloride and slur water

5 Aniavestigstion of dfeences inthe states old ne, sl sur and
solid sodium chord

As you wath, use Table 41. to mote your observations in the Comments column, and
‘your conclusion sto whether the substances onic or molecule

The video “Clasing chemical compounds ion Videnassee 2 (64-107), You should
ew tis ideo nos

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“Table. Propetis fie rps and ola sobs

Property Sunce Coca

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creatine

‘When you have finshed watching the video ad have completed Table 11, try
summing the proper one compounds and molecular substances by

completing Table 4.12.

Table 4.2. Simm of he prope ini comune

Proper

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losis condi of el

‘Siig wer

‘Sih neon ae

scare

S103 Blok 8 Sty Fle
EAI Aawivey 6.1. The properties of chemical reactions

(ie estimated sie for this acts 0 minutes.)

“The video ‘Features of ection. demonstrites some he mportin’ aspects
chonical ection: tat you will met in Sections 6-11, AV wirions ie il be

‘kd fo make observations and eco ther in Tables 6 1.1-6 1

“The term concentration’ i se in this vdeo This refers othe amon of substance
dissolved ina given volume of solution the concep wil ell diseased n Seton 7

The video ‘Features of reactions is on Videocasete 2108-211, You shawl view his

video non

able 61-1 ‘Te chnge aks plein Reasons 1-3

able 12. Frey chnge king pasa Reasons

“Tube 6.1.3 Reston Fhe sur chage th ike last eis dd soli. pink soloion nates the presence of
‘ny estan la tolion este psec of ily prc a soln ens 3 Me Fea

Cleo

Genial pew

ceed Colour st Chateau
ieee cr esta and poor
Teer ota wuer | le ‘eta and pot

lesa tre

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Table 6:14 Tosti aks fr he clou h

Bosker — Concsboa of
Teed prs

2a om te de kw
“giana owes

Activity 6.2 An alternative to petrol
(or shou spend no more than 20 minutes om this ati.)

“This activity ess you summarize the information tat has been presented so far about
the use of ethanol us analierative to peu, 1 suggest other questions that need
answering in onder to compare thse two fel and thea 1 read anal to exact
‘elevat information fe help with this comparison.

2) What infomation about the elative mets of ethanol und pla usshas been
sven inthe book?

() Mak ais of questions sat you think should be ane in ower to compare
‘anol and pools fuels for toe vehicles, You say Hind it useful read gain the
discussion ofthe us of hydrogen a an alemative fu, inthe paragraph tat preceded
this civ in Seen 6.3.1, since this may suggest some relevant sts to consi

(6) Now read the ante “Energy and ful which was published in New Seen a
1008 and is epime in Appendix 2. This article should answse some f the questions
‘aise inp (b), hough no cesar al f them, andi may make you think of
factors that you bad not previously considered. After eaing th aril, make as
‘complet ie as you can ofthe beneits and dracks of using ethan insted of
tol asa mote Ful. Noto we have given you a ery specific gal achive by
Feaing the stele and advice on how to achieve hiss given in Box 2.1 Reaiog

Box 6.2.1 Reading articlos

The previous articles fom newspaper and sconce magazines that we have asked you
to ead in Block 3 Activity 7.1 (The Kobe carhquake| and Block 4 Activiy 5.1
{Disposal ofthe Brent Sparc platfrm) were quits shot. However, lls you
developed in existing information from those ales are equally useful when
tackling longer ails. Remenider that inthe previous activites We recommended
‘hat you make sure thr you know what information you ar looking for hee you
sar reding. Then you can kin-ead the atl to find slevantinforaton (ad
ignore inlovanc pans) highlight the rlevant inforation tat you fad, and ls
make some levan ots. SGSG Chapt 2 coma much usta advice about
reading and not aking nd you may wish to have anor Fok at his haps,

Anite epin fom other sours fer fm most ofthe $103 materi in tha te
ators would not have ben wrtng specifically for 103 sues: you should sot
‘hereore expect understand every part ofthese artles, Also, whan reading these
artes, you usually neo next specication, as it i ot necessary tn
‘ead allof the ancl in detail — hiss patcularly import when the article iqute
ln. Wit he, th pas you don’ undersand wil ein the extn tha a not
relevant but this will po always the ese Block | Box 6.3 suggests ways cope
‘with siotfic ext that you don't understand You wil given further opportunites
to practise reading acl which we don expect you to understand fully he
course propresss.
Equipment
KITTENS

ndator pes etn al
enstwers!
NON-KITITIEMS

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chemicals
NON-KIPITEMS

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Perna wanking solos Sbanpon.
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‘We fave hen encouraging yout be critical oF what you read. You were probably

‘quite happy criciing gas Wallace's chemistry in Block 6 Activity 6: ler,

‘hat ws iron, and we hope tha yu ae geting int the babi of looking cri at

‘shat you write. Don't fogs it profesional scientists and scientific journals ean

‘Sometimes he wrung hat ome fats have more than one possible interpretation, and

‘hat theories ehange wih ime. Fen the selene comet of what ou read i oe

itmay be ball explained So you should wy to read ercay, by waking youre

gestion, seh as

+ how does the coment of te atce relate wo what already know?

+ fas he sur ade assumption thar know Some ft or understand yone
rinciple which, i fact, donot?

+ has the auor missed out important evidence supporting an idea being
ince

+ isthe shor wrong?

Activity 7.1 Measuring the hydrogen lon concentration of
household solutions

(Che estimated time for his ctviy bs 3D mines.)

Aims

In thisatvity yo ll pp your lin designing experiments (develope in Block 2
‘etvity 21 and in Boek 4 Activ 2.1) tow new sittin, Your ak so measure the
bydrogen on concentrations of variety of household solutions and dus o find out how
these wales relate o your nv ideas of which solutions ae more aided which
se es aie

Introduetion

‘An acid yeksydngen ions when it solves in water tis suggest tar he moze
cic a solution sth get he concentration of hydrogen fons in In Block 6 you
‘Stat itmes paper was red in acidic outons and ble in alkaline solutions. To
Inewsre the hdhgen an concentration nti acti yon wil we the indicate papers
ftom your praia kt These paper tripe consi a mistre of dyes and they tna
range of ferent cokaurs depending on te hydogen ion concentration of de saluton
inv which they are died. (You may have used papers ofthis iype — which are sold in
funden centres — 4 tet he ait o alkalinity of your ganlen si) you look athe
book of indicator papers you will so thatthe inside coves comprise key tat reltcs
the colour ofthe pape othe pH, Dont worry abou he meaning thi ern atthe
moment i will b explained in Section. The relationship between pH and hydogen
jem concentration piven in Table 711. Note thatthe concentrations decrease from

(OL mol ie (1 Hol i} to 1 10! mo ie, You wil gt used a ing
‘ery sal valas ike hese in Soeion 9.

“able 71-1. Ohtsining the nydgen nn eoncetaton

thom key onthe corp

PH Agraria nt

4 tei
6

mars
10 Yams

5108 Block Sindy Fle
Task 1 Thinking about design

[Lok hack at the Block? and Block 4prctical work activites, and think about how you
wil ele this sty, as defined inthe aims. Note down things you wil ned o think
oat, your proposed mthod and Bow you wil record your resus,

Now loka dhe comments on hs parte he ast efor tartng Task 2.

Practical procedure

‘Safety precautions
In addition wo the precautions given inthe Practical work booklet, cares needed when
anling some ofthe chemical. Always member to read any istmconson the
onaierbofce using the chemicals.

‘Washing soda and other houschold cleaning Huds may be harmful swallowed and

Task 2 Obta

1 Collet ogee alte liguds and sli tobe ested — you shuld aim 0 estat
leas ight.

ing and vaceraing tho ruts

Foc solids, suchas washing Sova and bicarbonate of sda, you wl ist need wo

‘rake sturte soltion —one that consins undissolved solid — with tap water,

“Todo his puta taspoonful ofthe solid ina small continer nd a several,

teaspoonful of tap wate such that mest, but nt all ofthe solid solves. Make

‘sue you label dese samples clearly and corsety so that they donot ge mixed up.

3. Cutthe indicator papers inal lonsthays. Don't use them al for this atv
egp one for we wih Activity 153.

4 Teste, test each iui or slain as fli

+ Por small amount of liquid it a smal container: for many liguds te tp of
itseonainer will be ideal.

+ Using a new, leun ticator paper sip foreach solution tested ip he paper
ino the solitons that btwn Fandom as boon immersed Take te paper
‘ut a the solution ad earful sake ff an dips

+ Compare the cour of te indicator pape with the colour key in the indiewoe
piper booklet and noe down in Tale 71 the pH valu coeresponding 1 the
Colour thar matches best. You may find ie ficult decide between two
‘Solos in which ease you shoul write down a ange, You should write a
‘omen ach net say hw sure you ar ofthe Value you've recorded.

*+ Then use Table 7.11 to const this pH vale ino a hydrogen ion concentration
sud writ it down in Table 7.1.2

+ Focrefeonce during the ivesgation, you may find ic ineresting to pace the
‘ole nds sips on asbset of witepapec with he name ofthe gui
tested alongside

+ Pour the ested liquid down the sink and wash the container ase thoroughly.
“able 7.1.2. Rest of mesa he droge oa cance of hosshol altos You dom neo
hla oneal ry oe ay eet Saba 5 Yo case Fos ae Be
Ine for sion anne You ih ve sae

Soltion

il Approximate conceusaon ol | Commons

“ap waie

Pesybashap water

Spang ane er

Tenens

vine

Pers)

ty boca

akg ap

a powder

Pores

Now investigate te effec fling some ofthe solutions, Chuan thse
‘ovation: one wth lowsh hydrogen on concestration, about 1 1st ie“
‘one with highish hydrogen oa concentration, sbowt 1 10" ies nd one
‘sth an teed hydrogen on concentration, abou 110" yo ire. Dilute
thse slats s follows, using a clean dy container for each ied ston,

+ Putone waspooatl ofthe substance fr saturated solution, aking are no to
inl any unsolved solid ina conainer, and add 9 espoontals of p
sar The bance as thus son diluted to one-tenth of i ginal rent

+ Pavone easpooatl of the slion you have jst ue by facor often in
nother sonar and ad 9 easpoorfuls of tap water. The substance has thus
teen ied to one funded of ts riginalsength.(Allernatiely, you ean use
linger volumes and do the dlaions na measuring jug)

+ Make si you laa he samples clear and comet so hat they doo pt
ised up

+ Use the intcaor pps rps as fore to measure the hyogen on
‘concent dl ecod Your results ia Table 7.13.

S103 Blok # Say Fe