Study File for Block 11 S103 Discovering Science by Andrew Norton [2004] {523.1--oclc}

2004·6 MB·English

by  Andrew Norton

BRR

discovering

$103

$103 S014

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Study Guide for Block 11

‘This block marks the inal destination in our quest of
“purtng the word back together’. Universal processes
refer to the physical ineretions that accu deoughovt
the ime and space ofthe Universe Ia Black 11

therefore, you willbe learning about the very origin of
‘the Universe itself, ahout the ultimate constituents From
which itis built, and spout she fundamental iterations
‘that govern al processes occuring within i. There is no
Digger subject than ths. The tpies discussed here
underpin al ther areas of sconce, and many’of them are
‘curently at the frettont of scientific research. For this
reason, some ofthe ideas discussed here area litle
spocultive. This serves t illustrat that many arcas of
Science are not eu-and-dried subjets ht are ever
veloping fields with new ideas continually arising and
subsequently being accepted or discard,

Block 11 builds on the information about quantum
‘physics and fundamental particles that you learnt about
in Block 7 tr alsa deals with very large and very small
scales of distanos, ime and energy, which requis

tobe comfortable with manipulating powers often,
Several ofthe activities in Block 11 allows yo to revise
‘his material, in onder to prepare forthe developments of
itchat you will meet here. For reference, a summary of
prices is given overeat

“The book contains most ofthe materi that you will
‘ed to study the block, but here are a number of other
‘ctvtis also, Emeskled within Section 2 is a DVD-
mukimedia activity ented “The virtual telescope

Using your computer you will take measurements of
sgzulanis om which you wil be ale to measure the
expansion rite ofthe Univene and so calculate ts age.
“The only practical work in the Block is short etvity in
Section 2in which you have to compare members of 60
‘samples’ of similar objets. These ‘samples’ can be bays
of potatos, shelves of books. handfuls of stones or
‘anything else that is convenient Section 9 ends with
DYD-video setvity ‘Seeing inside the Sua hat shows
haw observations of our nearest sta axe used to
‘understand the fundamental processes occurring deep
within its interior. Finally, Section 11 eonains another

DYD-moltimedia package ‘A history of the Universe!
thac draws together much of the material frm this,
block.

In Section 11, therefore, thee ae two components fo
study — the book text and a DVD-maulimesia
package — and we have allocted a otal of 4 hours
for you wo study them, You may wish to rea through
all the text and thea use the DVD-multimedia package
to investigate afew processes from the history ofthe
Universe in more detail or you may wish to spend
several hours working through the PVD-mulimestia
prckage, only returning tothe text at intervals as
hnocessar. Alternatively you may find some other
halance that suits you — you might wish to use the
DvD-mlimetia package to help you eomplete an
assignment, or simply as a means of exploring the
history ofthe Universe in greater det hun is
possible within the text alone — the choice is yours
‘As you may realize, this DVD-multimedia packs

rather different from the others you have met in the
‘course. “A history ofthe Universes not really an
fctivity as such, isa resource for you wo use ia a
‘vay that you find most appropriate

[As with crlor blocs, the Block 11 DVD includes
Set of questions to enable you to consolidate your
understanding of the material covered by the block

Block 11 is assessed in part of TMA 09 and you
shold aim eo complete the relevant question as soon
as possible after you have completed your study ofthe
boc.

Before you embark on the blo, a word of caution is
in order. eis rather easy to get hogged down inthe
etal of the processes and interactions that are
iscussed hers, and you shouldbe wary of falling into
‘harap. Instead try 10 "step hack’ at intervals and
remind yourself ofthe overall themes that are cere,
Te section summaries wil help you ere, and you
should use them frequently to make sure tit yo are
concentrating on the main ideas rather than the
incidental details.

‘Copganin © 2008 The Open Uae
SDs

SUP 836168
| 1 Universal processes

All study times are in hou

Week Sections of Book 14 Total study DVD-multimedia, DVD-video
ractical activiti

4 nei a*

4 Ss

* As described overeat, 4 nours isthe total time tobe spent on Section 11 and tne DVD.

‘Summary of parti

leptons charge | antleptons charge | | quarks charge | antiquarks charge
ein | ewe 4 || wee aes | ae
Vevete 0 | ewe 0 aac na | Ga.b 403
‘baryon charge composition | antibaryons charge composition | | mesons charge composition
et vd
poe sud > ‘ aad
- a
» a id 0 wad
0 ord

City Pit Miton Keyes
discovering

Study File for Block 11

Contents

Notes on activities 4
‘Comments on activities 10
Further reading 7
Objectives for Block 11 18
Acknowledgement 20
Appondix 1 What to do If you are short of time 20
Appendix 2 Article for Activity 12.1 24

Notes on activitie:

"You should ead trough he noes fir each activity bere attempting it Aer
completing an activity you shoul stay the relevant comments nthe next secon ofthe

Sindy File

‘No timate of tes piven for aetvtes which shal iake 10 minutes oes

Activity 1.1 Revision:

light and speetr

In much te same way'2s you revised locks 4 and help you in your stay of Block
‘andor Block 3 tohelp you in your ty of Blok 1, you tay find that you need to
Took '8¢ look 7 tat you sve sie ear inthe cours to Bp you ath

The st part of lock 11, sional spets ae cuss,
to scvse your knowledge f ligand sper, ry the felon
questions Fou hae difficulty wih ny o them, flaw the adsice given in the
omnes on this activity

Question 1.1 State hats meas hy () a enssion ine spectrum and (b) an
absorp line spectrum, na explain sich speciea ane proce ach case

‘Question 1.1.2 (a) Describe he sypo of spectrum which seme bya metal when iis
ete to high emperatu

(©) Why is his ype of specvum produced

(6) How will th spectrum ator a the temperre ofthe metal is increase?

‘Copgrien 2006 The Open Uniesy

SUP 83613 1
&

‘Question 1.1.3 (a) Which model flight sed explain (ts propagation end
{is ineracton with atoms?

(by Which are the evo key equations th deserbe the bshaviour of igh in hese two
{e) Amange the following types of eletromagnetc radiation in ode of (increasing
horonenersy increasing wavelength and i) inteasing equenes: be lia
Emiasrays infarc ration yellow light, mitowae, radio waves, ed i,
Uieavolt radiation, Xray,

Activity 1.2 Revision: powers of ten

‘Trvoughout Block 11 very lange and very small sales of distance, ime and energy are
cuss These ae aatrally expeset in ers of postive ad negative powers of en,
Tosce if you ncedo revise your krowlezeof powers often cy the following
questions, Iu have ately wth any o hem, lla the adWce given inthe
‘Sonuments on this sti:

Question 1.21 (a) Amangs te following numbers in de f increasing Size:

o>, 104 3 104.3 105103 10"

() Hows many times bigger than 102i 1?

‘Question 1.2.2 Cala the flowing, withont wing calla:
(4.0 10)-2.0%:105

(6)(8.0% 10) +20 107)

(0.0% 10%) 2.0%:10)

()G.0% 07) 0% 105-4

Question 1.23 (#) What maliples do the prefnes kilo), M (msgs) and G (aig)

(by Express an energy of 300 MeV asx equivalent value in Bosh keV and GeV.

{1 Bxpress an enengyof 662 keV as an equivalent energy in joules
(iting VV = 160 < 10)

Activity 2.1 Finding the typical member of a sample

For this atvty you wil eed two ‘samples’ witha fas vent objets” each
‘ample. The inporiant hig e thatthe amples contin sir peso thine, but pot
eves the same nunber of objets in each simple, ata the objects in the
‘epee a eange of ferent iss, You could ne bas of the sae sor of
ottoes, or fo handfuls oF stones orev rom he sae path or aye te selves
[tpuperack books. (fe won't work you have ome ba of ge haking poatoes and
Shute of smal ew potatoes!)

ing obtained your nwo samples, sort each of them noord fom the largest fo the
‘rls (or vist to ight tats esis todo} ow do the largest (ge heaies)
‘bjt in eh sample compare with each eter? How Jo theft ares (or heaviest
in eect sample compare? Do the tom lrgest or heen objets in each sample
represent ype member
Activity 2.2 The virtual telescope
the estimated ime for thi acti 45 minutes.)

‘This DVD multimedia activity ake the form ofa veal expsrimentUafomunaely
there smelter the ie nor the funds to send very SU08 student toa aor
sstonomical observatory fara week of observations —the virtual eleseae provides
the ext best hing

‘You wll ave contra ofa powerful tslscope with which you ea measure the e-shits
and brighinescs of galaxies within several latrs. By converting the ed-shs nt
‘Speeds of eesson and by determining distances from the bightess measurements,
you wil be able to calcula valu forthe Hubble conta As you wil sca litle ter
inte block, the Hubble constant is a measur ofthe ras at which the Universe is
cuenly expanding. and itaso gives measur of th age of the Livers

Incase you tink that iting in on of computer no substi for visi el
observatory you might be surprised lea tat, even at a el observatory,
professional astronomers usually spend the whol sight stig i Ponto computer
"oo, Tanks to the advent of eeeone imaging devices the ay of peering rove
telescope eyepiece ae long gone ata ofthe big observatories

Jn fact the telescope you'll be using has many advantages over the rel thing, First, you
dont have fo travel alf way around the work in order to sei. Youre raping Fo
breath at an akitude of over A000, and you dont have to stay awake al igh The
telescope has an mage, a photometa (fe measuring bighneses) ah a pcre
(for obtaining spo) cach available tthe cick of a mouse button, as aaa foe
use whenever ou wan i In the eal world, an appicalin lo une a eescope wou be
rade a your in advanes, nd be subject to compatin rom hundeeds of her
‘stronomers. Only the very best applications act awarded few night at the telescop,
land thes she weather may e foo had to do ansthins, This elescope has perpealy
loud skies, and wht's moe sou ea see bath the Nocera Southern
Hemisphere skis tom he sare observatory. All inal his i is iprovernent over a
real telescope!

In your use ofthe viru tlescope just at a eal observatory ou willbe gue
Shrough the us ofthe telescope by asuppor ssronomer This wal member ofthe
obsereroy ho is fiir ith the operation fal the egupent a i aways on
hand to help visting astronomers cary out ther programme of observations

‘The vinaal telescope iso the Block 1 DVB. Yow sho start this atvity mw, Na
As your resus for he veal felecope canoe waved seal eet ape te
‘cts. sige session

Enter your value for the Hubble constant here

‘Tren ry he following question

Resmi the Hubble relationship = Hy sing you value Fr Hy, Remember to
Include the correct unt

1M fyour value for was, sy, 60kms "Mp the Hull elatioship may
be writen as

P= (@0kms'Mpe) <r eras orkms = 6 Mpe

Thisis an equation ofa straight line see Block 7 Box 8.3) which passes hough
the ong. The fme you fied to he date produced using he vial telescope
shoul also have passe thouah the origin

Activity 2.3 Understanding the Hubble

lationship
(Presid tie fortis titi 15 ibe.)

(2) What ace the redhiisofelusters A, Band Cin Figure 29 in the book assured
by an alen astronomer living ona plan, orting as na galas in hist 1? (Hn
First determin te recession speeds in unt of pep lion years, thon convert thee
into kms Finally use Equation 26 to calculate the redshifts. You should us the
approximations tat e= 3 T0"kms', | Mpe~ 3 » 10k, and that | years
tuivalet to 3» 10"s. As indicated by these approximations, work aan sceurey of
‘ne significant igure in these calculations)
(©) Using ny ofthe three speeds you sled in pat (3), what she vale of the
Hubble conta atthe time sented toys ns one-dimensional universe?”
Egpress your answer in units oP km = Mp

(6) By carefully considering igure 29, how doesthe vale a the Hubble estat
‘hte inthe pun in the Tatu ofthis one-dimensional universe fra the vale
falclaed in part (0)?

Activity 4.1 Revision: fundamental particles

‘The rest of Block 11 will build on many ofthe eas about subatomic parties thal you
rat n Black 7. Tosee you need to revise your knowledge of fname particles,
ty the following questions Ifyou hive dificult thay of ther, flow the advice
ven inthe comments on is ei

Question 4.1 (2) Name the ix Havens of irk an six Mavours af lepton, grouping
sch of them int three generations

{b) State which combinations of gas and mtigusths are Foun in adios and give
anes fo each type of combination

{) What isthe qusrk composition of (proton and (i) a entron?

Question 4.1.2 (e) What re the antimatter counterparts ofthe long paces
alld eletron, i) pron (i) down srk, (electron Nee,

{b) How do the properties ofthese atime patclas de frm those af ir mater
cunterpars? In ways re el epee iar?

Question 4.13 (2) pion ca be crete in x prt acelerator if the kinetic onerey
‘allable ine reaction is a] MeV What the mass pon?

{b) In parila ranative dest process the mas ofthe products ses than the
tase ofthe parent nuclide by 5.2 MeWe" How much energy is seleasd inthis
‘scay?

Actluity 4.2 Planning your study time

‘You are now over one-quarter fhe way thre Block 11 The next af oF he Bock
(Sections 5-10) i cancemtes withthe four fuse teractions, and develops many
bf the eas you wl nee forthe inal cer tthe lock (Sections I-12} sneering
the history ahd ire of the Universe, Aso are nearing the end ofthe course. sou
tay fel that yu dont have eno ime to sty te wiole oF the blk in deta, Now
[Ea good eto deide how t alloc the time tat you do have avalale

Lok atthe Study Cale anl heck when you ate meant complete this lock
‘Remember that yu ae not alle to submit TMA 09 he final TSA. of the course
‘sscesng te second part of Block 7 sn Blok 11 ae, and you wil aa ood soe
te et teen ofthe year o prepare forthe enoctare assessment. This ean that
‘sou wil probaly want to be uptordnteby the ime you sr ei Blek 12.

Having looked at when you're meant o complete lock 11, make relist assesment
ff how much tidying yn have to da inthe ne! werk os, ow ech ime yu
hive wvaable Hopes sou il cover tht you are uptodate, or even sea of
chile, but many siden re ite bei this time of year Iya ave a To oF
atohing up to do, you may need otke some short cals! Some gestions at ven in
the comments on tis 6
Activity 5.1 The development of a theory

Figure 51. i. schema representation ofthe develope ofthe theory of quanta
evry namics (QLD), act hs gives the name oa theory andthe ware ofthe
peuple responsible for arr developments mentioned in Section 8 In each bos,
“rite some notes describe fe phenome predict ty the feoy andor by the

people named

‘quanta phys 1928

|
Activity 6.4 Dealing with difficult concepts

In Blocks 6 and 7 you practised study tectnigues to help you to eto grips with
iit eonoops. Vou may be finding some of the conepts in Block 1 ficult oof
So, hk bck the Fis of teh and stratepes that yu compiled inthe earlier
Docks and think about which othe strategies might workin Block 11

Activity 9.4 Seeing inside the Sun

(Ph exited te fortis atti 0 mia, inci obo 20 mites for
tein the DYDovido.)

This BVD-vido presents lm ofexpeiments that are cared outa vo solar
‘observatories, The Fst located 2 000m above sea-level on the sland of Tenet
Hee seni invesiate seasons ofthe San — technique known a
heliselsmology — inorder to understand processes occurring deep in its interior. The
‘econ experiments lead 200mm underground in Sudbury, Caml where seni
fe saying neutios fom fe Sun, Here thy hope to understand ol on processes
the core ofthe Sun but fundamental pysial properies oF neutrins themselves,

‘One pupose ofthis DVD. video i allow you tose scientist at workaround the
two contig stt-ofche-ar experiment, As you wl ee, projects sich these
Involte lets of people, ofes coflsboraing with coleagues in many diferent counties,
The DvDvieo so ilies another fetus of science, whichis patcuaty re of
“strony an aril pis: re wennecessiry to devine nove experimental
techniques inode oivestigate phenom that ae at st ih, socesle. Fall
Thisactvty wil give you more experience of extracting information from 4 DVD-video,
tnhen you anne the gusstions belo
aoe moe wate ‘Sein isde the Su’, which fon DVD 2 (DVD
sequence 377-450 and make notes while dongs, tn order fo mer the flowing
guests
‘Question 9.41 Compare the techniques of heloseismotogy with hose ofanventoal,
ae fe, seismology wich were discussed in Seton 10 of Block 3 In what ways
tne they sir? Haw ae they ferent?
Question 9.1.2 The sped wit which the Sun's surface oscil is only around
Sims One of the spectral lines which etude by heosesmologis that eased
ib sia atoms, hig nthe laboratory hee a waveength of 589 am, Ly hose mach
deste userved wavelenth ofthis sogium ine inte Sun's spectrum shi sa result
ofthe aseliavion? fe 3.0% 108m 1)
Question 9.1.8 Describe vets wha is meant by the ‘solar newt problem’ ard
plain how the Sudbury Neutena Observatory hopes to eselve the problem.
Question 9.14 What happens when an electron neutrino fom the Sun neat wth
feria cles athe Sudbury Neutine Observatary detector? Explain he proces
the Fevel of wel, ()mueoans and (6) qua
Wot: nthe BYD-video vou see a computer being used to display information rom
‘oro sites the World Wide Web I'youreamputc is comnected othe Intemet You
hay wis ovat some ofthese sites for yours
etiowamogy it:
Insio de Asrofisica de Canarias:

psi
Bicmingham Solar Oscillations Network:

bison p.m acne: aml
The Slur Newino Observatory

epsiowwsno phy. eens
Links o ote solar nero sts:

psodag.pty.quoens.csnoexperiments him!
Activity 14.4 A history of the Universe per)

(Ph csimated ine fortis tity between obo hour and hous, depending on
Iho a pit ort bebe the DVD-ROM andthe lack)

‘his DVD -mhimeiapockage wll ep consolidate your understanding ofthe
processes tht have ocurred since the Universe ascent fom the Bis Bang he
resent ay, Unlike mot of the oer DVD maida activites inthe course, fa
esorce rater than an activity ins own ight Like the txt in Section Il of Block 11,
iispresenied asa story throgh time, wit ferent processs Meigs being
important teach epoch. However itmay be studied in several wa

+ Yaw ay, i'you wish simply spend couple o hours stepping through iin time,
‘ain the processes tha ocurred at each pin in the history ofthe Universe

+ Altensively you may wish o we the package o compile the answer to an
'ssignment or asa means of revising the mateval in he block. With this mode of use
{ove jump ina any epoch and enamine the processes occurring. or you can select
pac proces an ook a when inthe history ofthe Univers tas pra,
fr you ean search fora parclarkeywerd and investigate the proccss that are
relevant ta sour seach,

However you use this package, you wil probably get the most fom it on the Mist

‘ocerson su ise i you iniy watch nd listen tothe summary. This resents viet

history of the Universe” and summarizes the many proceses occuring fom the Bis

ang othe present day

Since its resource athe than an stv ints you may refer tthe BYD-ROM at

‘ny pin yu wish daring your stay of Section IIIa onder eo get he most ou of the

‘ackiye, sou should ty some ofthe follwing tasks, sing the DVD-ROM and oer

ompanents of the Block to compile your answers. Most ofthese ass are ator open

‘ded and you may wish o discuss your answers with eter students or with Your tuto

history ofthe Universes on DVD 2

Task 1

A byogen stom consis ofa proton and an electron. Explin how protons and
‘levron rethought to have been created in the erty Universe end hat conditions
prevailed a hse tines, How and when eid elcerons aah to potons to orn etal
hydrogen atoms?

Now loot at he comment on Task! bafore continuing with Task 2

‘Asta ke the Su, contains significant proportion of ium nucle. Some of these
tcl were eat within th tr oer ere formes carly nth story ofthe
Unsere ad were incoeporsieg when the tar orignal formed. Explain how hia
nucle formed in each ofthese two cass. Pay particular tation tothe conditions|
ecessary for hese processes to ake place

Task
Discuss the ole of neutrinos in the Universe fom the caves tme othe est da.
‘Comment on bow and when neutnos wer rete, snd ov they ae relevant caret
stds of the Su,

Discuss the ole ofanimater inthe Universe om the catost ines tothe pose day
‘Why is there apparently very litle antimatr in the Universe new?

Tasks

Some processes dat are sugsested a having occured inthe carly Univers, when it was
les than 10s old, are rather unceran. Describe some of the processes tat may have
‘ceured, and comment os how or why thers doubt concern thm.

Task

Discuss how equilibrium reaction have Been important at varius sagas th history
ofthe Universe,
Describe the priulr processes tht occur inthe Universe when it ws (a) 10%
(6) 10% and (6) 10 tines hoes is oda

Activity 11.2 The contents of the Universe

‘tthe ond ofeach of Setons11.2-1.7, ae Table 112.110 make a not of what the
‘ontnts ofthe Universe were a the ie cerespending tothe ea the pri
‘serie inthe section

‘Table 121 The cass te Universe a eet es in ts bist,

eon Tics | Const aE Ta
113 tae ws

14 The quark-lepion era | tos

11 Tae bon 100

op Prinwabstowelnatess 1000)

HLT Seucurein eines | any