Studies on the development and biology of two trematodes, Bunodera eucaliae and Posthodiplostomum minimum

86 Pages·05.02 MB·English

by  Hoffman, Glenn Lyle

STUDIES OH THE DEVELOPMENT AHD BIOLOGY OF TWO TRBMATODES,
BUMODERA EUCALIAE AHD POSTHODIPLOSTOMUM MIHIMUM
by
Glenn Lyle Hoffman
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillm ent of the re­
quirements for the degree of Doe tor of Philos ophy,
in the Department of Zoology in the
Graduate Gollege of the State
University of Iowa
June 1950
ProQuest Number: 10583786
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fhe writer wishes to thank the following:
Professor L* 0* Molf, under whose guidance the study was
performed} Professor F. G« Brooks of Cornell College, Mt.
Vernon, Iowa who kindly Identified most of the cercari&e
used} Dr* J. P* BU Morrison of the Smithsonian In stitu ­
tion, Washington, D.C* who identified the molluscs; the
sta ff of the Northeast Area Biology Laboratory and Fish
Hatchery of the Wisconsin Conservation Department for
assistance In the collection of fish and the use of
laboratory equipment; and the Iowa State Conservation
Commission for supplying some of the b lu egill sunfish
used*
i l l
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pag©
Introduction X
Part
I Studies on th© life history of Bunodera
©uoalia© 2 Trematoda, Allocreadiida©•• 5
Adults ** 5
Ova and rairacidia ,»*•«.*»*"«•<><,» . •«• • 6
Rediae ................*. * ,...........< •• • ?
Ceroariae 9
Search for th© second intermediate host 10
DiSCUSSion «»«*«««« 11
Summary »»«»»»»•«»*»*»*«»»»***»«•«» 15
II Development and biology of Posthodiplostomum
minimum: Tretnatoda, StrigeatoiSa'7 Dip 1 o-
StoSTSa© ••*••«•••• 16
H istorical IT
Materials and methods *••••«•• 19
Studies on th© cercarlae • 21
Fish infection and host sp ecificity 24
Development of the metacereariae • • • , . a.•.•« 34
Development of th© parasite cyst and host
cyst .................... 42
Bxcystraent of the r^etacorcariao * * • * a * *.......... 45
Development of the A bility to'tolerate
pepsin solution ...........................................».. 46
A bility of th© metacercariae to with­
stand lowered pH of th© medium «»* 0«* •. *» 52
Th© ab ility of P® minimum metacercariae
to tolerate trypsin solution 54
Isotonlcity ..............*. ♦«® *............ 56
Effect of p©nlc i l l l ^streptom ycin «.•*,*•«»« 56
Summary «**.«*»« 60
Literature Cited © 9 62
IT
TABM oy m s
Table Page
I Incidence of infection of sticklebacks with adults and
Immature forms of B# enoallae»........................... ..5
II Attempts to Infect stickleback® with the cerc&rlae
and metacerearl&e of B. eucallae. ♦ * .* .« .» .............
III Infection experiments with Qepqaria Posthodlolo stomum
S iS ilffl-.................................. . . . . . . . . . . ...............................
IV Survival of sunflsh lin e metacerc&rlae transplanted
Into fish # .................. 35
V Met&cere&rlaa taken from bluntnose minnow® and trans­
planted into centrarehlds.*........... .••••#•36
VI Summary of host sp ecificity studies# .................#37
VII Location of metacerearlae at various time® after
penetration* ........... 40
VIII Experiments on the excystment of the metacerearlae
« E* mlnlnm at 37° C.................... ...............*...........................47
IX Survival time of P. minimum metacerearlae in one
percent pepsin and 0# 3 per cent HQ1* #••••*.......................49
X Relative effect of pepsin and HC1 on met&eero&rlae
of £• minimum at 37° 0........................................................................51
XI Percent survival of metacerearlae of P. minimum at
lowered pH.••*.«•••........... 53
XII Percent survival of the metacerearlae of P. minimum
In trypsin at 37° C. ........... 55
XIII Percent survival of P. minimum metacerearlae in
Ringer's solution® at 3Tr c777.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . 5 7
v
Tabl © Pag©
XXV Percent survival of metaeercarlae of p* minimum in
penicillin*streptom ycin solution® at 17° G* .59
Vl
m i m fiopbrjss
figure P»g«
1 to 6 Life cycle of jfanodera euealiae, «* •, * * , 7 0 - 7 1
7 to 23 Development of Fosthodlolosternum minimum, ,,72-78
23a Relative effect of pepsin and HC1 on the
survival of metaeeroarlae of £• minimum, ...........52
21 Survival of the met&eerearl&a of g* minimum m
©,65# Ringer1® solution with lowered p H * *53
21 Percent survival: of metaeeroarlae of F, minimum
wm MMnMMMMHateS'
in trypsin at 37 *,,,55
26 1 If feet of penietllln-streptom yein on the raeta-
eereariae of g* minimum at 17-19 hours and 41
hours•««*»•»••.•*........... ,,,«56
1
IOTE0DUCTIOH
One who studios t remat odes la autom atically con-
earned with many related field s of study. Usually ho be­
comes interested in the adult or metacercaria fir st and
immediately is interested in the host* whether it is mammal,
bird* reptile* amphibian* fish , mollusc* or arthropod* As­
suming that he begins with an adult trematode of a mammal*
he must discover what animal the mammal ate to become in­
fected; while doing so he learns certain aspects of the
ecology of the mammal* After learning how the mammal be­
came Infected he must find out how th© animal that th©
mammal at© became infected* Usually th is takes him to an
aquatic or semiaquatic habitat* The cerearia which Infects
th is host is often much unlike th© metae©rearia but some­
times is sim ilar to the cerearia© of related trematodes.
This may give him a clue, but to prove th© connection he
must infect th© animal experimentally* There are two
methods for th is; he may be fortunate ©rough to find mol­
luscs Infected in nature with the suspected cerearia©* or
he may have to infect the mollusc with m iracidia from th©
ova of the adult worm* Thus* in th is on© isolated example*
h© must study a mammal* an amphibian or a fish* and a mol­
lusc as w ell as the various stage© of th© trematode itself*
In addition to th© bar© essen tials mentioned
above* h© may becom© Interested In numerous other aspects
concerning any phase of the Ilf© history* He may become
interested in the effect of the parasite on the host* how
to control th© parasite* what factors control th© parasite's
distribution and population* and many phases of th© physiol­
ogy of the parasite* For example* on® of th© most Interest­
ing enigmas in th© field of parasitology is tbs fact that
no tropical parasites have been recorded In Worth America
from migratory birds which winter in th® tropics* The same
holds true in Europe* When and why do they lose the tropi­
cal parasite load? Does th© physiology of the bird change
®nou|$x while migrating to purge its parasites?
The present w riter became Interested in two
trematodes which belong to different orders * Certain fea­
tures of the life h istories of one of them had been reported
by other investigators, but many interesting problems of
development and physiology were as yet unsolved* This
thesis is an attempt to clarify some of the radiating
phases of th® study of treraatode development and life cycles.
s
Part I
STUDIES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF BTJNQDEBA EUCALIAE 2
TBEMATODA, ALLQCREADXIBAB
Th© adult Bunodera aue.all.aa* a papillose alloore-
a&ld, was described by M iller (1036) from th® intestine of
the brook stickleback, Euealla Inconatans, in Quebec* Since
then it has been reported from Wisconsin by Bangham (1944)
and Fischthal (1945a, 1945b)* Ho details concerning th©
life history have been recorded, other than M iller's nota­
tion that the mlr&oidla were fu lly formed and active at the
time of ova deposition*
Th© writer was fortunate in finding Infected stickle­
back and bivalves in an isolated spring three miles east of
Lament, Iowa, which was about two m iles distant from a
permanent stream, the west branch of the Maquoketa River*
Th© water of the spring flowed for about on® fourth mil©
before disappearing Into the ground, but only th© extreme
upper part had a pool suitable for fish , Th© pool was about
3 feet wide by 50 feet long* This provided an Isolated
habitat for th© study of th© parasite, because th© stick le­
back was th© only fish present* Th© only possible connec­
tion with the permanent stream would occur at flood time;
however, no other fish were found during th© period of