Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints

161 Pages·1966·4.759 MB·English

by  D. V. Davies, A. J. Palfrey (auth.), F. Gaynor Evans Ph.D. (eds.)

Studies on the
Anatomy and Function
of Bone and]o ints
Edited by
F. Gaynor Evans
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1966
F. Gf!ynor Bvans, Ph. D.
Department of Anato,,!-v
The University of Michigan School of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michi.gall, U. S. A.
Symposium organized with the financial assistance of the Council for International Organi
zation of Medical Sciences, an Organization subsidized by the World Health Organization
and UNESCO.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-99911-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-99909-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-99909-3
All rights, especially that of tra,nslation into foreign languages. reserved. It is also forbidden to reproduce this book, either whole
or in part, by photomcchanical means (photostat, microfilm and/or microcard) or by other procedure without written permission
from Springer-Verlag. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1966. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-23507.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1966
The usc of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, ctc. in this publication, even if the former arc not especially i
dcntificd, is flot to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may
accordingly be used freely hy anyone. Title No. 1372.
Preface
The various chapters of this monograph were originally presented as papers in
a Symposium on Joints and Bones which the editor organized for the VIII Inter
national Congress of Anatomists held in Wiesbaden, Germany in August 1965. Each
chapter represents original research on the structure and/or function of joints and
bones.
Preparing the manuscripts of these papers for publication required more time
than originally anticipated and the editor hereby acknowledges his sincere appre
ciation to the various authors for their help and patience. He also wants to express
his special thanks to Mrs. ANTOINETTE CATRON, his editorial assistant, without whose
help the task would still be unfinished. The interest and assistance of the staff of
Springer-Verlag in the publication of this monograph is also greatly appreciated.
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
February 1966
F. GAYNOR EVANS
Contents
Electron Microscopy of Normal Synovial Membrane. D. V. DAVIES, and A. J.
PALFREY .............................. 1
Biomechanics and Functional Adaption of Tendons and Joint Ligaments. A.
VnDIK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
Dynamic Considerations in Load Bearing Bones with Special Reference to
Osteosynthesis and Articular Cartilage. J. M. ZAREK .. . . . . . . . 40
Intravital Measurements of Forces Acting on the Hip-Joint. N. RYDELL. .. 52
The Ergonomic Aspects of Articular Mechanics. M. A. MACCONAILL . . . . 69
A Longitudinal Vital Staining Method for the Study of Apposition in Bone.
M. ]. BAER, and]. L. ACKERMAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
An Evaluation of the Use of Bone Histology in Forensic Medicine and Anthro
pology. D. H. ENLOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Evaluation of Skeletal Impacts of Human Cadavers. H. R. LISSNER, and V. L.
ROBERTS .............................. 113
The Tensile Properties of Single Osteons Studied Using a Microwave Extensi-
meter. A. ASCENZI, E. BONUCCI, and A. CHECCUCCI. . 121
Physical and Histological Differences Between Human Fibular and Femoral
Compact Bone. F. G. EVANS and S. BANG . . . . . . . . . . 142
Contributors
ACKERMAN, JAMES L., D.D.S., National Institutes of Health, National Institute of
Dental Research, Oral Medicine and Surgery Branch, Oral and Pharyngeal Develop
ment Section, Bethesda, Maryland. Present address: Assistant Professor of Ortho
dontic Research, School of Dentistry, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck,
New Jersey, U.S.A.
As CEl"-':ZI , ANTONIO, M.D., Professor of Morbid Anatomy, Institute of Morbid
Anatomy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
BAER, MELVYN j., Ph.D., National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental
Research, Oral .Medicine and Surgery Branch, Oral and Pharyngeal Development
Section, Bethesda, :Maryland. Present address: Professor of Oral Biology, School of
Dentistry, University of Detroit, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
BANG, SEONG, D.D.S., Research Assistant, Department of Anatomy, The University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
BONUCCI, E., M.D., Assistant Professor of Morbid Anatomy, Institute of Morbid
Anatomy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
CHECCUCCI, A., M.D., Researcher of the Italian National Research Council, Institute
of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
DAVIES, D. V., M.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Anatomy, St. Thomas'
Hospital Medical School, London, England.
ENLOW, DONALD H., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, The
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
EVANS, F. GAYNOR, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Anatomy, The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
LISSNER, HERBERT R., M.S., Professor and Chairman, Department of Engineering
Mechanics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A. (Deceased).
MACCONAILL, MICHAEL A., M.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Anatomy,
University College, Cork, Ireland.
PALFREY, A. j., M. A., Senior Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, St. Thomas'
Hospital Medical School, London, England.
ROBERTS, VERNE L., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Me
chanics and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michi
gan, U.S.A.
RYDELL, NILS, M. D., Docent, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Universit\·
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
VIII Contributors
VUDIK, ANDRUS, M.D., Instructor, Department of Anatomy, University of Gothen
burg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
ZAREK, J. M., Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineer
ing, Battersea College of Technology, Proposed University of Surrey, London,
England.
Electron Microscopy of Normal Synovial Membrane
D. V. Davies and A. J. Palfrey
The structure of normal synovial membrane as seen under the electron micro
scope is reported for human material by BARLAND, NOVIKOFF and HAMERMAN (1962)
and for rabbit synovial membrane by HYDE (1964). It has also been studied in the
guinea-pig by WYLLIE, MORE and HAUST (1964), whilst LANGER and HUTH (1960)
report its structure in calf, dog and guinea-pig. All these observations have been
made on material fixed with osmic acid. The more recently introduced aldehyde
fixatives have the great advantage that they do not inactivate all the cell enzymes,
but some differences in morphology have been reported in other tissues (SABATINI,
BENSCH and BARRNETT, 1962 and 1963; PALFREY and DAVIES, 1966). This paper
reports the appearances of normal rabbit synovial membrane after fixation with
glutaraldehyde.
Materials and Methods
Synovial membrane was obtained from the knee joint of three male rabbits,
aged between three and six months. Under a general anaesthetic 1 ml of fixative
was injected into the cavity of the joint; one minute later the cavity was opened
and portions of the synovial membrane removed from the region distal to the
patella and deep to the ligamentum patellae. The fixative was a 3 % solution of
glutaraldehyde in a phosphate buffer, which was adjusted to a pH of 7.3 by the
dropwise addition of a solution of sodium hydroxide (SABATINI et al., 1963); to
this preparation a solution of calcium chloride (0.1 M) was added drop by drop
until the precipitate had redissolved (MEEK, personal communication). The speci
mens were cut up in the fixative until no dimension of the block was greater than
1 mm; they remained in fixative for periods of 4 hours (two specimens) or for 1,
3, or 7 days. After fixation the specimens were washed in four changes of a 10%
solution of sucrose in the phosphate buffer for ten minutes, and were then treated
with a 2 % unbuffered solution of osmium tetroxide for 2 hours.
The blocks were dehydrated with ethyl alcohol, passed through propylene oxide
and embedded in araldite. Sections for light microscopy were cut at a thickness
of 1 [J. from the araldite block, and these were stained with Azur II-methylene blue
(RICHARDSON, JARETT and FINKE, 1960). Thin sections were cut with a Leitz
ultramicrotome at a thickness of about 500 A and mounted on uncoated copper
grids. The mounted sections were stained in a saturated solution of uranyl acetate
in absolute methyl alcohol for 1 hour (BARNETT and PALFREY, 1965), before being
examined in an A.E.!. electron microscope.
1 Evans, Bone and Joints
2 D. V. DAVIES and A.]. PALFREY:
Results
Light Microscopy
Under the light microscope the different blocks taken from similar regions of
the same joint in the three different animals vary widely in their appearance. In
some the intimal layer is only one cell thick, but in others as many as three or four
layers are found. In some blocks this layer lies directly upon adipose tissue, though
many blood vessels are seen immediately beneath the intimal layer. In other blocks
there is a well marked zone of loose connective tissue amongst which are many
prominent blood vessels. This subintimal layer contains a variable number of
connective tissue cells, some of which have the form of fibroblasts and fibrocytes,
but others are monocytes; in other regions groups of lymphoid cells are found.
Many sections show extravasated blood cells, particularly on the surface of the
membrane, and less frequently in the substance of the synovial membrane.
Electron Microscopy
When the membrane is examined with the electron microscope the synovial
cells are again seen either as a single layer or as a number oflayers of cells (Figs. 1-4);
the cells which form the surface layer are not in contact with one another but are
separated by gaps which vary from as little as 600 A to as much as 1 fL; in no in-
Fig. 1. An electron micrograph of the intimal and subintimal layers of the synovial mem
brane, showing flattened ill-apposed surface cells with some intervening amorphous material,
and a capillary showing fenestrae in the wall. Most cells contain a number of dense bodies.
X 7,600
Electron Microscopy of Normal Synovial Membrane 3
stance is the gap as small as 200 A, nor is any form of nexus seen between adjaceul
cells.
These surface cells are not arranged on a basement membrane, but on a zone
of material some 0.4 fl. in depth (Fig. 4); this contains a few collagen fibres, between
250 and 450 A in diameter, but which exhibit no periodicity when seen in length.
The remainder of this zone is filled with moderately dense granular material which
is concentrated in the zone containing few collagen fibres, but extends for a further
0.4 fl. amongst the most superficial part of the general collagen framework.
Fig. 2. Intimal layer of the synovial membrane with two cells in which rough surfaced
endoplasmic reticulum can be seen. The larger cell shows several mitochondria, Golgi
apparatus, and three fat droplets. The amorphous material at the surface is well shown.
X 10,500
Surface Cells
The plasma membrane of the surface cells is generally smooth and only occa
sionally shows filopodia, though such a process is seen in most of these cells (Fig. 3).
The filopodia are sinous in form, up to 1 fl. in length, and vary in width from 600 to
1000 A; they are sometimes wider where they change direction, but have bulbous
segments which may be terminal. Pinocytotic vesicles, ovoid in form and 900 to
1200 A in diameter, are found in some cells, and when present are often numerous;
they occur with equal frequency on all surfaces of the cells.
I"
4 D. V. DAVIES and A.]. PALFREY:
The nucleus is somewhat irregular in form, and is limited by the usual double
membrane. The outer lamina is clearly seen but is thin (70 A) while the inner
lamina is much thicker - at least 300 A and may appear even thicker if the chromatin
is condensed on its deep surface. The 120 A interval between the laminae is electron
translucent; there are a few areas in which the gap is widened to 600 A, but these
regions show no dense material between the laminae.
The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in short lengths, seldom more than 1 fL, and
often branches (Fig. 2). The membranes are poorly visualised and appear to be
Fig. 3. Surface cell showing processes, an abundance of large vesicles, and pinocytotic
vesicles, particularly on its deep surface. X 19,000
40 A thick; they carry only small numbers of ribonucleoprotein particles, which
are about 170 A in diameter, and are clearly seen. The interval between the members
of a membrane pair is usually about 450 A and is filled with granular material which
appears more dense than the surrounding cytoplasm. This interval is widened to
as much as 1500 A in some places; at the ends of the lengths of reticulum the two
members of the pair are often continuous with one another to form a vesicle some
1000 A in diameter. The contents of the vesicle are denser than the material along
the length of that section of the reticulum. Many free ribosomes are found in the
cytoplasm of some of these cells, but no polyribosomes are identified. In some
cells the endoplasmic reticulum is a very prominent feature and the pairs of laminae
are arranged concentrically so that the cells are similar in appearance to plasma cells.
Mitochondria are scanty, ovoid in shape, and between 0.4 and 0.8 fL in diameter
(Fig. 6). They show clear central areas with sparse irregular cristae which project