Studies on Psychiatric Disorders

600 Pages·2015·6.63 MB·English

by  Anna Dietrich-Muszalska

Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research
and Clinical Practice
Anna Dietrich-Muszalska
Ved Chauhan
Editors
Sylvain Grignon
Studies on
Psychiatric
Disorders
Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research
and Clinical Practice
Editor-in-Chief
Donald Armstrong
More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/8145
Note from the Editor-in-Chief
All books in this series illustrate point-of-care testing and critically evaluate the
potential of antioxidant supplementation in various medical disorders associated
with oxidative stress. Future volumes will be updated as warranted by emerging
new technology, or from studies reporting clinical trials.
Donald Armstrong
Editor-in-Chief
Anna Dietrich-Muszalska • Ved Chauhan
Sylvain Grignon
Editors
Studies on Psychiatric
Disorders
Editors
Anna Dietrich-Muszalska Ved Chauhan
Department of Biological Psychiatry Department of Neurochemistry
of the Chair of Experimental New York State Institute for Basic Research
and Clinical Physiology Staten Island , NY , USA
Medical University of Lodz
Lodz , Poland
Sylvain Grignon
Departments of Psychiatry and
Physiology & Biophysics
University of Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke , QC , Canada
ISSN 2197-7224 ISSN 2197-7232 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4939-0439-6 ISBN 978-1-4939-0440-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955626
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The book is dedicated to the memory of my
mother Halina Dietrich-Miłobędzka

Pref ace
Since the discovery of free radicals by M. Gomberg at the University of Michigan,
USA (1900), and the suggestion of the role of toxic radicals in the etiology of
schizophrenia in the mid-1950s (Hoffer et al.), there has been great progress in the
study of oxidative stress in neuropsychiatric disorders. A large body of evidence
suggests that free radicals are involved in cell membrane pathology, and may play a
role in schizophrenia.
Free radicals play an integral role in cellular signalling; however being highly
unstable with unpaired electrons, they have differential oxidative strength and
potential to damage cellular proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Under physiological conditions, multiple defence mechanisms exist to protect
against these free radicals. Oxidative stress occurs when redox homeostasis is tipped
towards an overbalance of free radicals, due to either their overproduction or defi -
ciencies in antioxidant defence. Oxidative stress-induced impairment of neuronal
processes has been reported to be involved in neurodegeneration and also in the
pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases.
Studies on Psychiatric Disorders shows the current state of the knowledge con-
cerning the role of oxidative stress, mainly in psychiatric disorders. All the chapters
in this book discuss the role of oxidative stress in neuropsychiatric diseases.
I n the Introduction, the book puts special emphasis on the specifi c biomarkers of
oxidative, nitrosative/nitrative and chlorinative stress (chapter “Oxidative, Nitrosative
and Chlorinative Stress: Biomarkers”).
Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric
disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders,
obsessive- compulsive disorder, attention defi cit and hyperactivity disorder, and
neurodegenerative disorders is described in this book (Part of Clinical Aspects,
chapters “Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia”, “Oxidative Stress in Bipolar Disorder”,
“Contribution of Oxidative Stress to the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum
Disorders: Impact of Genetic and Environmental Factors”, “Oxidative Stress and
Anxiety Disorder”, “Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and OCD”, “A Relation-
ship Between Oxidative Status and Attention Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder”,
vii
viii Preface
“The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases”, and chapter
“Antioxidant Interventions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders”).
C hapter “Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia” presents biomarkers of oxidative
damage, the role of oxidative stress in numerous abnormalities in biochemical path-
ways including apoptosis in pathophysiology of schizophrenia, mitochondrial dys-
function and the consequent oxidative damage to biomolecules in bipolar disorders
(chapter “Oxidative Stress in Bipolar Disorder”). Chapter “Contribution of Oxidative
Stress to the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impact of Genetic and
Environmental Factors” reviews the role of oxidative damage coupled with reduced
antioxidant defence, genetic susceptibility, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and impact of
environmental agents in autism. A link between oxidative stress and pathological
anxiety is addressed in chapter “Oxidative Stress and Anxiety Disorder”. The mani-
festations of oxidative stress have been found in obsessive-c ompulsive disorder
patients, and are described in chapter “Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and
OCD”. Recent fi ndings show that the pathophysiology of attention defi cit and hyper-
activity disorder may be associated with oxidative stress (chapter “A Relationship
Between Oxidative Status and Attention Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder”). It has been
proposed that oxidative stress related damage of several macromolecules play a key
role in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In chapter “The Role of Oxidative
Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases”, there is a review of current knowledge
regarding the role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in neurodegenera-
tion occurring in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
In Part II, various pathophysiological aspects of oxidative stress in neuropsychi-
atric disorders are presented: (chapters “Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies
in Bipolar Disorder Patients: Focus on the Potential Role of Oxidative Stress”, “The
Impact of Oxidative Stress on Dopaminergic Neurotransmission”, “The Reciprocal
Effects of Oxidative Stress and Glutamate Neurotransmission”, “Mitochondrial
Dysfunction in Psychiatric disorders”, “The Kynurenine Pathway at the Interface
Between Neuroinfl ammation, Oxidative Stress and Neurochemical Disturbances:
Emphasis in Schizophrenia”, “Dysregulation of Glutathione Synthesis in Psychiatric
Disorders”, “The Role of Nitric Oxide and Nitrosative Stress in Schizophrenia”,
“Blood Platelet as a Peripheral Cell in Oxidative Stress in Psychiatric Disorders”,
“Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism”, “Ultrasound and Autism: How Disrupted
Redox Homeostasis and Transient Membrane Porosity Confer Risk”, “Animal
Model of Autistic Regression: Link to Toxicant-Induced Oxidative Stress”, “Genetic
Polymorphism Related to Oxidative Stress in Autism”, “Telomere Length in Major
Psychiatric Disorders. Is there any Relationship Between Telomere Length and
Oxidative Stress?”, “The Impact of Oxidative Stress on GAD67 Levels and
Parvalbumin-positive Neurons”, “The Possible Role of Iron in Neurodegeneration”,
and “Oxidative Stress and Polyunsaturated Lipid Peroxidation Products in the
CNS: Focus on Retinal Bisretinoids and DHA-derived Carboxyethylpyrroles as
Potential Inducers of Vision-threatening Pathology”). Chapter “Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy Studies in Bipolar Disorder Patients: Focus on the Potential Role of
Oxidative Stress”, describes the overview of magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Preface ix
(MRS) studies exploring the glutamate neurotransmission and specifi c neural
markers in bipolar disorder debates on the fi ndings in relation to oxidative stress
and mitochondrial dysfunction. Chapter “The Impact of Oxidative Stress on
Dopaminergic Neurotransmission” focuses on how redox status impacts the key
components of dopamine neurotransmission, and evaluates the relevance of these
modifi cations with respect to the recently revisited dopamine hypothesis of schizo-
phrenia. How glutamate modulates the redox state by effectors such as dynamics,
stimulation of mitochondrial NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide and redox modulating
glutamate-cystine exchanger, inter alia is shown in chapter “The Reciprocal Effects
of Oxidative Stress and Glutamate Neurotransmission”. The evidence for mitochon-
drial dysfunction which plays a role in schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar dis-
order, personality/mood disorders, Alzheimer disease and autism spectrum disorders
is discussed in chapter “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders”. The
kynurenine pathway at the interface between neuroinfl ammation, oxidative stress
and neurochemical disturbances is emphasized in schizophrenia and the problems
pertaining to these issues is discussed in chapter “The Kynurenine Pathway at the
Interface Between Neuroinfl ammation, Oxidative Stress and Neurochemical
Disturbances: Emphasis in Schizophrenia”. The purpose of chapter “Dysregulation
of Glutathione Synthesis in Psychiatric Disorders” is to review the available litera-
ture referring to glutathione synthesis and its multiple functions in the central
nervous system. The role of nitric oxide and nitrosative stress in schizophrenia
is described in chapter “The Role of Nitric Oxide and Nitrosative Stress in
Schizophrenia”. The use of platelets, the blood cells with a relatively short half-life
time, as a peripheral model to study the mechanisms of cell signalling pathways or
the extent of oxidative damage and changes in the central nervous system is described
in chapter “Blood Platelet as a Peripheral Cell in Oxidative Stress in Psychiatric
Disorders”. The evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in autism, including
decreased activities and protein expression levels of mitochondrial electron transport
chain complexes, mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA mutations, oxidative stress,
and calcium-signalling abnormalities in autism is described in chapter “Mitochondrial
Dysfunction in Autism” and a possible connection between ultrasound and autism is
discussed in chapter “Ultrasound and Autism: How Disrupted Redox Homeostasis
and Transient Membrane Porosity Confer Risk”. In chapter “Animal Model of
Autistic Regression: Link to Toxicant-Induced Oxidative Stress”, an animal model
of autistic regression with link to toxicant-induced oxidative stress is presented.
Chapter “Genetic Polymorphism Related to Oxidative Stress in Autism” concerns an
understanding of the genetic etiology of autism in the context of oxidative stress and
genetic susceptibility. This review describes polymorphisms of various genes poten-
tially associated with oxidative stress and the susceptibility to autism and Rett’s
disorder. Is there any relationship between telomere length and oxidative stress? The
question is undertaken in chapter “Telomere Length in Major Psychiatric Disorders.
Is there any Relationship Between Telomere Length and Oxidative Stress?”, where
the telomere length in major psychiatric disorders is described. As the next interest-
ing issue, the impact of oxidative stress on GAD67 levels and parvalbumin-positive
neurons is the topic of chapter “The Impact of Oxidative Stress on GAD67