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Studies on Lake Vechten and Tjeukemeer, The Netherlands: 25th anniversary of the Limnological Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences PDF

379 Pages·1982·32.84 MB·English
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Studies on Lake Vechten and Tjeukemeer, The Netherlands Developments in Hydrobiology 11 Series editor H. J. Dumont DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE-BOSTON-LONDON 1982 Studies on Lake Vechten and Tjeukemeer, The Netherlands 25th anniversary of the Limnologicallnstitute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Edited by R. D. Gulati and S. Parma Reprinted from Hydrobi%gia, vol. 95 (1982) DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE-BOSTON-LONDON 1982 Distributors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 U.S.A. for all other countries Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Studies on Lake Vechten and Tjeukemeer, The Netherlands (Developments in hydro biology ; II) "Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, vol. 95 (1982)" I. Limnology--N etherlands--V echten, Lake-- Congresses. 2. Limnology--N etherlands--Tjeukemeer --Congresses. 3. Vechten, Lake (Netherlandsj- Congresses. 4. Tjeukemeer (Netherlands)--Con- gresses. 5. Limnologisch Instituut (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappenj I. Gulati, R. D. II. Parma, S. III. Limnologisch Instituut (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappenj IV. Hydrobiologia. V. Series. QHl59.S78 1982 574.5 '26322'094921 82-7791 AACR2 ISBN -13: 978-94-009-8017-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8015-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8015-0 Cover design: Max Velthuijs Copyright © 1982, Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t Edition 1982 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transmitled in any form or by any means. mechanical. photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior writlen permission of the publishers Dr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box 13713, 2501 ES The Hague, The Netherlands. Contents Preface ............................................................................... VII The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Limnological Institute, The Netherlands (1957-1982), by S. Parma ...................................................................... . PART ONE: LAKE VECHTEN Lake Vechten: aspects of its morphometry, climate, hydrology and physico-chemical characteristics, by C. L. M. Steenbergen & H. Verdouw ............................................... 11 The phytoplankton species composition and the seasonal periodicity in Lake Vechten from 1956 to 1979, by Marianne C.1. Blaauboer ........ ... .... ........ ..... ...... . ..... ........ ...... .... 25 The primary production of phytoplankton in Lake Vechten, by W. A. de Kloet .................................................................. 37 Contribution of photosynthetic sulphur bacteria to primary production in Lake Vechten, by C. L. M. Steenbergen ............................................................ 59 The aquatic macrophytes of Lake Vechten. Species composition, spatial distribution and production, by EUy P. H. Best ...................................... 65 00000000000000 00000000000000 Structural and functional characteristics of epiphyton and epipelon in relation to their distribution in Lake Vechten, by Herman J. Gons 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 Macro-invertebrate communities associated with the macrophytes of Lake Vechten: structural and functional relationships, by Jan Dvorak & Elly P. H. Best 115 000000000.0000000000000000.00000000000.0000000000000 0 The zooplankton: its community structure, food and feeding, and role in the ecosystem of Lake Vechten, by R. D. Gulati, K. Siewertsen & G. Postema 127 0000000.000000000000000000000000.000000000 Sedimentation and breakdown kinetics of organic matter in the anaerobic zone of Lake Vechten, by Tho E. Cappenberg & Ho Verdouw 165 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Aspects of aerobic mineralization during spring in Lake Vechten with special reference to the 14C-Iabel- ling technique, by Jo Jo Olie & Th. E. Cappenberg 181 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Nitrogen cycle of Lake Vechten: concentration patterns and internal mass-balance, by H. Verdouw & E. M. J. Dekkers 191 0.000.0000000.00000000.000000000000000000000000000 0 VI PART TWO: T JEUKEMEER Hydrology of Tjeukemeer, by J. D. Leenen .................................................................... 199 Physico-chemical environment in Tjeukemeer with special reference to speciation of algal nutrients, by H. de Haan ..................................................................... 205 The algal periodicity in Tjeukemeer during 1968-1978, by J. R. Moed & H. L Hoogveld ..................................................... 223 Population dynamics and production of Daphnia hyalin a Leydig and Daphnia cucullata Sars in Tjeukemeer, by J. Vijverberg & A. F. Richter. .. .. ....... .. .... ......... .... ... .... .. ... . ... .. ... .. 235 Population dynamics and production of Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars) and Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus) in Tjeukemeer, by J. Vijverberg & A. F. Richter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261 INST AR, a discrete event model for simulating zooplankton population dynamics, by P. Hogeweg & A. F. Richter ...................................................... 275 Distribution and production of the larval chironomid populations in Tjeukemeer, by D. M. Beattie ................................................................... 287 A note on the significance oflarger bivalve molluscs (Anodonta spp. and Dreissena sp.) in the food of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Tjeukemeer, by H. W. de Nie ................................................................... 307 Growth, condition and gonad development of bream (Abramis brama L.) in relation to its feeding conditions in Tjeukemeer, by E. H. R. R. Lammens ............................................................ 311 The relations between 0+ fish density, zooplankton size and the vulnerability of pikeperch, Stizosted ion lucioperca, to angling in the Frisian lakes, by W. L. T. vanpensen & J. Vijverberg ............................................... 321 P ART THREE: MISCELLANEOUS Effects of thermal effluents from the Bergum Power Station on the zooplankton in the Bergumermeer, by H. W. de Nie ................................................................... 337 Effects of entrapment and cooling water discharge by the Bergum Power Station on 0+ fish in the Bergumermeer, by W. L. T. van Densen & R. H. Hadderingh ................................. .......... 351 Temporal and spatial variations of dissolved oxygen concentrations in some Dutch polder ditches, by R. Veeningen ............ ;...................................................... 369 Preface The Netherlands, like the other industrialized countries in the northern hemisphere, is faced with increas ing environmental pro blems. Being a country rich in water - at least in terms of surface area - and low-lying, problems related to water are as old as the nation itself. The problems in regard to water quality are becoming more acute and complicated due to the progressive rise in air and ground pollution. Glaring examples are the acid rains and contamination of ground-water resources by toxic, and often illegal, waste dumps. Being a delta country, the Netherlands is also very vulnerable to pollution from the·water sources outside the country's national boundaries, i.e. the rivers Rhine, Meuse and ScheIdt. Not only the national but also the international authorities are active in developing measures to both prevent and combat water pollution, and to restore as far as possible the natural balance or a 'reasonable' water quality. The pollution abatement programmes are based on ecological theories; accepting waterbodies as aquatic ecosystems, the authorities concerned try to influence and lead the progresses in the systems to reach or maintain the desired ecosystem structure. Suter II (1981) mentioned a number of reasons why the attempts to use ecosystem theories to assess the impacts on the environment have been disappointing to date. It is clear that one of the reasons for the failure is lack of proper knowledge. The main mission of the Limnological Institute can be seen as work on fundamental pro blems, the solution of which can facilitate political decision making. Despite the economic recession, we as Dutch limnologists still have unique opportunities to do multidisciplinary, long-term, fundamental research on the structure and functioning of our aquatic ecosystems. That our scientific programmes should be subservient to the needs of society - though ambitious and challenging - is a realistic thought. An important yardstick to measure the progress of work and the right of a scientific institute to exist is the quality and quantity of its research output. The slogan 'work, finish and publish' does not need christening. Thus the most festive way of celebrating our Silver Jubilee was to take stock of the situation, to pool our scientific efforts and compile the more recent works in the form of the present volume. The main objects of study in the past decade have been: a. Lake Vechten, a mesotrophic stratified sandpit in the middle of the Netherlands; and b. Lake Tjeukemeer, a shallow, eutrophic lake in one of the northern provinces. Most of the contributions deal with these two lakes, and reflect the research themes of the four working groups. In addition, recent work on Lake Bergum and on some Dutch polder ditches is included in a miscellaneous section. Thanks are due to Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, for providing us the opportunity to use an entire volume of Hydrobiologia, both as a scientific memoire and as a memento. Junk is international, of course. Its roots are, however, in the Netherlands and we are glad to use a 'Dutch' journal. The Institute is most grateful to Dr Henri Dumont, the editor-in-chief, and to Wil R. Peters and Cliff Morgan of the Publishers for the most pleasant cooperation. I am indebted to Miss Joke van Kleinwee and Miss Marion McLaughlin for the typing work and to Mr. E. M. Marien, who took, the photographs. The Board of the Royal Netherlands VIII Academy of Arts and Sciences gave us the necessary financial support for this publication. The most important job was done by Dr Ramesh D. Gulati who spent several months correcting and improving the various typescripts. This loyal cooperation deserves the gratitude of the Institute. Reference Suter II. G. w., 1981. Ecosystem theory and Nepa assessment. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 62: 186-192. Nieuwersluis, Dr S. Parma, 10 August 1982 Director The twenty-fifth anniversary ofthe Limnological Institute, The Netherlands (1957-1982) S. Parma Limnological Institute, 'Vijverhof Laboratory, Rijksstraatweg 6, 3631 A C Nieuwers/uis, The Netherlands Keywords: history, Limnological Institute, Netherlands, jubilee Abstract This paper marks the silver jubilee in 1982 of the Limnological Institute, The Netherlands. It describes the history, present research programme and organisation ofthe Institute, as well as its cooperative studies with other institutes and its training facilities. Some remarks about its future plans of work are made. History before 1957 They were housed in a few rooms of the University of Utrecht. This situation lasted from 1954 until As early as 1912 the 'Netherlands Society for the 1957 (Havinga 1957). Prevention of Water, Ground and Air Pollution' Not only the Hydrobiological Society, but also tried to establish a Dutch Hydrobiological Station. the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Scien Fischer(l912) stressed the need for a hydrobiologi ces, urged the need for a hydro biological research cal centre to study the biological aspects of water centre. In 1952, a Committee on Ecology reported quality control, citing the existence of similar insti about the situation on ecological research in our tutes abroad, such as those in Besse (France), country. It was stressed that in a country like the Aneboda(Sweden), Plon(Germany), Lakeside La Netherlands, with its rich water resources, a biolog boratory (Iowa, U.S.A.), etc. However, the society ical institute studying fundamental fresh-water failed in getting the necessary funds. problems was urgently needed. Such an institute After World War I the attempts were restarted. could function as a natural complement to the N e Romijn (1920) tried to give a new stimulus to the therlands I nstitute for Sea Research and a few other Netherlands Society, but due to the bad economic institutes dealing with applied fresh water research situation, without any success. (Rapport 1952). Notwithstanding all this, the I t was not until the early fifties that the' Hydro bi Committee on Ecology did not recommend the es ological Society' formed a special 'Committee for tablishment of an institute. It feared a heavy strain the Foundation of a Hydrobiological Station'. In on the governmental budgets and an undesirable its opinion such a station must be intended to inves competition with other claims for support of eco tigate fundamental and applied hydro biological logical research topics. The Committee did, howev problems, and also play an active role in the train er, ask for funds to support preliminary investiga ing of university students. But again the govern tions, focussed on the significance of organisms in ment was not willing to give financial support. Ne the cycle of elements in a freshwater ecosystem. vertheless, the Hydrobiological Society continued Due to the perseverance of the Hydrobiological its efforts and succeeded in mustering a few re Society, the Committee on Ecology of the Royal search projects, financed by different authorities. Academy installed in 1955 a subcommittee on hy- Hydrobiologia 95,1-9 (1982). 0018-8158/82/0951-0001/$01.80. © Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Printed in The Netherlands. 2 drobiology. Ofthe5 members, Dr. Mrs. N. L. Wi Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research. baut-Isebree Moens and Dr. B. Havinga were de However, the Board of the Royal Academy has to puted by the Hydrobiological Society; Prof. Dr. re-evaluate every five years the relations between G. P. Baerends(chairman), Prof. Dr. A. W. H. van the two institutes. Herk and Dr. J. Verwey were members of the In the next few paragraphs I will deal only with Committee on Ecology; and Dr. H. N. Kluyverwas the Limnological Institute. secretary. This subcommittee advised in 1956 the In the Subcommittee on Hydrobiology, two dif foundation of a Hydrobiological Institute in the ferent approaches to the objectives of the Hydrobi lake area in central Netherlands. It was proposed ological Institute already existed. The representa that this institute study fundamental hydrobiologi tives of the Hydrobiological Society stressed the cal problems in their broadest sense, and provide need to tackle applied limnological problems, par facilities for research training of university stu ticularly those concerning the management of dents. aquatic ecosystems. On the other hand, the Royal Simultaneously with these discussions in the sub Academy laid emphasis on 'free' and fundamental committee, the Committee on Ecology consulted research. The current rules of the Institute show a several authorities about the desirability of found synthesis of the two view points. The official 0 bjec ing a so-called Delta research laboratory in the tives of the Institute are: estuarine SW part of the Netherlands. In this region I) to undertake, perform and stimulate biological, the so-called Deltaplan (that is, the damming of chemical and hydrographical research of inland several estuaries for safety reasons) was in progress. waters, all in the broadest sense, A study of the biological consequences of this 'ma 2) to collaborate with other organisations in sim cro' field experiment was strongly advocated. The ilar fields of interest, recommendations of both the Committee on Ecol 3) to contribute to the training oflimnologists and ogy and the Subcommittee on Hydrobiology were limnological students. combined, and the Royal Academy asked the Min istry of Education, Arts and Sciences for a budget The Vijverhof Laboratory to realise both proposals (Verwey 1977). In 1957 the Ministry put asidef 54 000 for the foundation of a The institute was accommodated in 1957 in an Hydrobiological Institute with a Department for old country-house called 'Vijverhof in the small Delta Research. The Hydrobiological Institute was village ofNieuwersluis, approximately 20 km north stationed at Nieuwersluis, near the Loosdrecht of Utrecht (Fig. I). It selected Lake Vechten as Lakes, and the Department for Delta Research at object of research. This lake (Fig. 2) was created in Yerseke in the middle of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt 1941 by excavating superficial sand layers, needed delta. for the construction of a highway. The lake, a sand pit (surface area 4.7 ha; max. depth, 11.9 m; mean depth, 6 m), is thermally stratified from about May The 1957-1982 period to early November. It has a well developed littoral region. During the stagnation period the anaerobic Introduction zone extends maximally to the 6 m isobath. The phytoplankton composition points to a slightly eu From their inception the Hydrobiological Insti trophic environment. The staff in the first years tute and the Department for Delta research func consisted of only a few members, so the research in tioned as independent units with their own direc Lake Vechten had mainly an inventory character. tors, management committees and budgets. The first Gradually the staff increased and the initial stage directors were Dr. Miss M. F. E. Nicolai and Dr. was followed in the late sixties by a phase in which K. F. Vaas, respectively. In 1968 this actual situa several processes in the lake were described more tion was confirmed by a change of names of both thoroughly. It was focussed at the species and pop departments. From this time, the Royal Nether ulation level and dealt with more or less isolated lands Academy of Arts and Sciences has been su aspects of, for example, the energy flow, minerali pervising both the Limnological Institute and the sation and nutrient recycling, and population regu-

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The Netherlands, like the other industrialized countries in the northern hemisphere, is faced with increas­ ing environmental pro blems. Being a country rich in water - at least in terms of surface area - and low-lying, problems related to water are as old as the nation itself. The problems in rega
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