Studies on Homer And The Homeric Age Vol 3 of 3 by W E Gladstone PDF
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 3 of 3, by W. E. Gladstone This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 3 of 3 Author: W. E. Gladstone Release Date: September 7, 2016 [EBook #53004] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES ON HOMER, HOMERIC AGE, VOL 3 *** Produced by Henry Flower and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) The eBook cover was created by adding text to the original cover and is placed in the public domain. In the html version of this book, the map is linked to a higher-resolution version. cover [i] STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE. BY THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L. M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. III. Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.—Horace. OXFORD: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. M.DCCC.LVIII. [The right of Translation is reserved.] [iii] STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE. I. AGORÈ: POLITIES OF THE HOMERIC AGE. II. ILIOS: TROJANS AND GREEKS COMPARED. III. THALASSA: THE OUTER GEOGRAPHY. IV. AOIDOS: SOME POINTS OF THE POETRY OF HOMER. BY THE RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L. M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.—Horace. OXFORD: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. M.DCCC.LVIII. [The right of Translation is reserved.] ADVERTISEMENT. Since the Sections which relate to Ethnology passed through the Press, the First Volume of Mr. Rawlinson’s Herodotus has appeared. Earlier possession of this important Publication would have emboldened me to proceed a step further in the attempt to specify the probable or possible form of the original Ethnic relation between the Pelasgians and the Hellenes of the Greek Peninsula, but designating the latter as pure Arian, and the former as Arian, with a residue or mixture of Turanian elements. It has also been since the ‘Olympus’ was printed, that I have become acquainted with Welcker’s recent and unfinished ‘Griechische Götterlehre,’ (Göttingen, 1857.) I could have wished to refer to it at various points, and especially to avail myself of the clearer view, which the learned Author has given, of the position of Κρόνος. Founding himself in part on the exclusive appropriation by Homer of the term Κρονίδης to Jupiter, he enables us to see how Jupiter may have inherited the sole use of the title as being ‘the Ancient of days;’ and how Κρόνος was a formation in the Mythology wholly secondary and posterior to his reputed son. (Welcker, sectt. 27, 8. pp. 140-7.) Another recent book, M. Alfred Maury’s Histoire des Religions de la Grèce Antique, undertakes the useful task of unfolding largely the relations of the Greek religion to the East. But the division of it which deals with Homer specifically is neither complete nor accurate, and affords a new illustration of the proposition which I chiefly desire to establish, namely, that Homer ought to be treated as a separate and independent centre of study. 11, Carlton House Terrace, London, March 15, 1858. [v] THE CONTENTS. I. AGORÈ: OR THE POLITIES OF THE HOMERIC AGE. Political ideas of later Greece Page 1 Their strong development in Heroic Greece 2 Germ of the Law of Nations 4 Grote’s account of the Heroic Polities 5 Their peculiar features, Publicity and Persuasion 6 Functions of the king in the Heroic Polities 8 Nature of the Pelopid Empire 9 Degrees in Kingship and in Lordship 10 Four forms of Sovereignty 12 First tokens of change in the Heroic Polities 12 Shown by analysis of the Catalogue 14 Extended signs in the Odyssey 17 Altered sense of Βασιλεὺς or King 18 New name of Queen 20 Disorganization caused by the War 21 Arrival of a new race at manhood 22 Increased weight of the nobles 24 Altered idea of the kingly office 25 The first instance of a bad King 27 Further change in the time of Hesiod 28 Veneration long adhering to the name 31 Five distinctive notes of Βασιλῆες in the Iliad 32 The nine Greek Βασιλῆες of the Iliad 35 The case of Meges 36 Of Phœnix 37 Of Patroclus and Eurypylus 38 Conditions of Kingship in the Iliad 39 The personal beauty of the Kings 40 Custom of resignation in old age 40 Force of the term αἴζηος 41 Gymnastic superiority of the Kings 44 Their pursuit of Music and Song 45 Ulysses as artificer and husbandman 46 The Kings as Gentlemen 47 Achilles in particular 48 Tenderness and tears of the Greek chiefs 49 Right of hereditary succession 50 Right of primogeniture 52 The Homeric King (1) as Priest 55 (2) as Judge 56 (3) as General 57 [vii] [viii] (4) as Proprietor: the τέμενος 58 His revenues, from four sources in all 59 Burdens upon them 61 The political position of Agamemnon 62 The governing motives of the War 64 Position of Agamemnon in the army 66 His personal character 67 The relation of sovereign and subject a free one 67 The personal attendants of the King 69 The Aristocracy or chief proprietors 69 The Trades and Professions 70 The Slaves of the Homeric age 72 The θῆτες or hired servants 74 Supply of military service 75 Whether there was a peasant-proprietary 77 Political Economy of the Homeric age 78 The precious metals not a measure of value 81 Oxen in some degree a measure of value 82 Relative scarcity of certain metals 84 Mode of government of the Army 85 Its military composition 88 Chief descriptions of fighting men 91 The Battle and the Ambuscade 92 The Βουλὴ or Council of the Greeks 94 It subsisted in peace and in war 97 Opposition in the Βουλὴ 98 Agamemnon’s proposals of Return 99 The influence of Speech in the Heroic age 102 It was a subject of regular training 103 Varied descriptions of oratory in Homer 104 Achilles the paramount Orator 105 The orations of the poems 106 The power of repartee 108 The power of sarcasm 109 The faculty of debate in Homer 111 The discussion of the Ninth Iliad 111 Function of the Assembly in the Heroic age 114 The formal use of majorities unknown 116 The great decisions of the War taken there 117 It was not summoned exclusively by Agamemnon 118 Opposition in the Agorè by the chiefs 119 Opposition by Thersites 120 Grote’s judgment on the case of Thersites 123 How that case bears witness to the popular principle 126 As does the Agorè on the Shield 126 Mode of addressing the Assembly 129 [ix] Its decisions in the Seventh and Ninth Iliads 129 Division in the Drunken Assembly 130 Appeal of Telemachus to the Ithacan Assembly 132 Phæacian Assembly of the Eighth Odyssey 134 Ithacan Assembly of the Twenty-fourth 136 Councils or Assemblies of Olympus 137 Judicial functions of the Assembly 139 Assembly the central point of the Polity 140 The common soul or Τὶς in Homer 141 Imperfect organization of Heroic Polities 143 II. ILIOS. THE TROJANS COMPARED AND CONTRASTED WITH THE GREEKS. Relationship of Troy and Greece twofold 145 Greek names of deities found also in Troas 147 Include nearly all the greater deities 150 Worship of Vulcan in Troas 151 Worship of Juno and Gaia in Troas 153 Worship of Mercury in Troas 154 Worship of Scamander 155 Different view of Rivers in Troas 158 Essential character of Trojan River-worship 160 Trojan impersonations from Nature rare 162 Poverty of Mythology among the Trojans 165 Their jejune doctrine of a Future State 166 Redundance of life in the Greek system 168 Worship from hills 169 The nations compared as to external development of religion.— 1. Temples 170 2. As to endowments in land, or τεμένεα 172 3. As to Groves’ ἄλσεα 173 4. As to Statues of the Gods 174 5. As to Seers or Diviners 177 6. As to the Priesthood: Priesthood in Greece 179 Priesthood in later Greece 183 Priesthood among the Trojans 184 Comparative observance of sacrifice 187 The Trojans more given to religious observances 189 Homer’s different modes of handling for Greece and Troy 190 Moral superiority of his Greeks on the whole 192 Homer’s account of the abduction of Helen 193 The Greek estimate of Paris 197 Its relation to prevailing views of Marriage 200 And to Greek views of Homicide 202 The Trojan estimate of Paris 205 Public opinion less developed in Troy 206 The Trojans more sensual and false 207 [x] Trojan ideas and usages of Marriage 210 The family of Priam 211 Stricter ideas among the Greeks 215 Trojan Polity less highly organized 216 Rule of Succession in Troy 217 Succession to the throne of Priam 219 Paris, most probably, was his eldest son 221 Position of Priam and his dynasty in Troas 223 Meaning of Τροίη and of Ἴλιος 224 Evidence from the Trojan Catalogue 225 Extent of his sovereignty and supremacy 228 Polity of Ilios: the Βασιλεύς 232 The Assembly 232 The greater weight of Age in Troy 234 The absence of a Βουλὴ in Troy 236 The greater weight of oratory in Greece 239 Trojans less gifted with self-command 242 And with intelligence generally 244 Difference in the pursuits of high-born youth 245 Difference as to αἰδὼς 246 Summary of differences 247 III. THALASSA. THE OUTER GEOGRAPHY OF THE ODYSSEY. Why it deserves investigation 249 Principal heads of the inquiry 251 The two Spheres of Inner and Outer Geography 252 Limits of the Inner Geography 255 The intermediate or doubtful zone 257 The Sphere of the Outer Geography 260 The two Keys of the Outer Geography 261 The traditional interpretations valueless 262 Manifest dislocations of actual nature 263 Postulates for examining the Outer Geography 264 The Winds of Homer 265 Special notices of Eurus and Notus 267 Of Zephyr and Boreas 268 Points of the Compass for the two last 270 For the two first 272 Scheme of the four Winds 273 Signification of Eurus 273 Homeric distances and rates of speed 275 Particulars of evidence on speed 277 The northward sea-route to the Euxine 280 Evidence from Il. xiii. 1-6 281 From Od. vii. 319-26 282 From Od. v. 44-57 283 [xi] [xii] From Od. xxiv. 11-13 285 Amalgamated reports of the Ocean-mouth 287 Open-sea passage to the Ocean-mouth 289 Homeward passage by the Straits, why preferred 290 Three maritime routes to the Ocean-mouth 291 Its two possible originals in nature 292 Straits of Yenikalè as Ocean-mouth 294 Summary of facts from Phœnician reports 295 Two sets of reports are blended into one 296 The site of Ææa; North-western hypothesis 298 North-eastern hypothesis 300 Argument from the Πλαγκταὶ 302 From the Island Thrinacie 302 Local notes of Ææa 303 Site of Ogygia 304 Argument from the flight of Mercury 305 From the floatage of Ulysses 306 From his homeward passage 308 Site of Scylla relatively to the Dardanelles 309 Why Ææa cannot lie North-westward 311 Construction of Od. xii. 3, 4 312 Construction of Od. v. 276, 7 315 Genuineness of the passage questionable 316 Its real meaning 317 Homer’s indications of geographical misgivings 318 Stages of the tour of Ulysses to Ææa (i-vi.) 320 Ææa and the Euxine (vi-viii.) 325 Remaining stages (viii-xi.) 327 Directions and distances from Ææa onwards 329 Tours of Menelaus and Ulysses compared 331 The earth of Homer probably oval 334 Points of contact with Oceanus 337 The Caspian and Persian Gulf belong to Oceanus 338 Contraction and compression of the Homeric East 340 Outline of Homer’s terrestrial system 342 Map of Earth according to Homer 343 EXCURSUS I. Parentage and Extraction of Minos. On the genuineness of Il. xiv. 317-27 344 On the sense of the line Il. xiv. 321 346 Collateral testimony to the extraction of Minos 347 EXCURSUS II. On the line Odyss. v. 277. Points of the question stated 349 Senses of δεξιὸς and ἀριστερὸς 350 Illustrated from Il. xiii 352 [xiii] On the force of the Homeric ἐπὶ 354 Force of ἐπὶ with ἀριστερὰ 356 Illustrated from Il. ii. 353. Od. xxi. 141 358 From Il. i. 597. vii. 238. xii. 239, 249 359 From Il. xxiii. 335-7 360 From Il. ii. 526 362 Application to Od. v. 277 364 Another sense prevailed in later Greek 365 IV. AOIDOS. SECT. I. On the Plot of the Iliad. The Theory of Grote on the structure of the poem 366 Offer related in the Ninth Book and its rejection 369 Restitution and gifts not the object of Achilles 371 The offer was radically defective 373 Apology needed in particular 375 Consistency maintained in and after Il. ix 377 Skilful adjustment of conflicting aims 379 Glory given to Achilles 380 Glory given to Greece 380 Trojan inferiority mainly in the Chiefs 382 But it pervades the poem 384 In the Chiefs it is glaring 385 Conflicting exigencies of the plan 387 Greeks superior even without Achilles 388 Harmony in relative prominence of the Chiefs 389 Retributive justice in the two poems 392 The sufferings of Achilles 394 Double conquest over his will 395 SECT. II. The Sense of Beauty in Homer: human, animal, and inanimate. His sense of Beauty alike pure and strong 397 Degeneracy of the popular idea had begun 398 Illustrated by the series of Dardanid traditions, (1) Ganymede 398 (2) Tithonus, (3) Anchises 400 (4) Paris and Venus 401 Homer’s sense of Beauty in the human form 402 His treatment of the Beauty of Paris 402 Beauty among the Greek chieftains 404 Ascribed also to the nation 405 Beauty of Nireus 406 Of Nastes and of Euphorbus 407 Beauty placed among the prime gifts of man 408 Homer’s sense of Beauty in animals 409 Especially in horses 410 [xiv] As to their movements 411 As to their form and colour 413 Homer’s sense of Beauty in inanimate nature 416 The instance of Ithaca 417 Germ of feeling for the picturesque in Homer 419 Close relation of Order and Beauty 420 Causes adverse to the development of the germ 421 Beauty of material objects absorbed in their Life 423 SECT. III. Homer’s perception and use of Number. The traditional character of aptitudes 425 Conceptions of Number not always definite in childhood 427 Nor even in manhood 428 No calculations in Homer 430 Greek estimate of the discovery of Number 431 Enumerative addition in Od. iv. 412, 451 432 Highest numerals of the poems 432 The three hundred and sixty fat hogs 434 The Homeric ἑκατομβὴ 435 The numerals expressive of value 436 His silence as to the numbers of the armies 439 Especially in the Greek Catalogue 440 Case of the Trojan bivouac 442 Case of the herds and flocks in Od. xiv. 443 Hesiod’s age of the Nymphs 444 Case of the cities of Crete 445 No scheme of chronology in Homer 446 Case of the three Decades of years 448 Meaning of the γενεὴ of Homer 449 Homer reckons time by generations 451 Some difficulties of the Decades taken literally 452 Uses of the proposed interpretation 455 SECT. IV. Homer’s Perceptions and Use of Colour. Modern perceptions of colour usually definite 457 Signs of immature perception in Homer 458 His chief adjectives of colour 459 His quasi-adjectives of colour 460 Applications of ξανθὸς, ἐρυθρὸς, πορφύρεος 460 Of κύανος and κυάνεος 462 Of φοίνιξ 465 Of πόλιος 466 The quasi-adjectives of colour; χλωρὸς 467 The αἰθαλόεις of Homer 468 The ῥοδόεις and ῥοδοδάκτυλος 469 The ἰόεις, ἰοειδὴς, ἰοδνεφὴς 470 [xv] The οἴνοψ and μιλτοπάρηος 472 Αἴθων and its cognates; also ἀργὸς, αἴολος 473 Γλαυκὸς, γλαυκῶπις, γλαυκιόων 474 Χάροπος, σιγαλόεις, μαρμάρεος, ἠεροειδὴς 475 Conflict of the colours assigned to the same object 475 Great predominance of white and black 476 Remarkable omissions to specify colour 477 In the case of the horse among others 479 In the case of human beauty, and of Iris 482 In the case of the heavens 483 Causes of this peculiar treatment of colour 483 License of poetry in the matter of colour 484 Illustrated from Shakespeare 485 Homer’s contracted means of training in colour 487 His system one of light and dark 488 Colour in the later Greek language 491 Greek philosophy of colour 493 Nature of our advantage over Homer 495 Note on κύανος and χαλκός. Meanings for κύανος heretofore suggested 496 Probably a native blue carbonate of copper 497 Χαλκὸς to be understood as hardened copper 499 SECT. V. Homer and some of his successors in Epic Poetry; particularly Virgil and Tasso. Milton’s place among Epic poets 500 Difficulty of comparing him with Homer 501 The same as to Dante 501 Æneid and Iliad; their resemblances and contrasts 502 Contrast between form and spirit in the Æneid 503 Catalogue in the Iliad and in the Æneid 504 Character of Æneas in the Æneid 505 Character of Æneas in the Iliad 507 The fine character of Turnus 508 The false position of Virgil before Augustus 509 Difficulty of learning the poet from the poem 510 His false position as to religion, liberty, and nationality 511 Untruthfulness hence resulting 512 Homer is misapprehended through Virgil 513 In minor matters, e. g. Simois and Scamander 513 Νεκυΐα of Homer and of Virgil 515 Ethnological and genealogical dislocations 516 Action of the Twelfth Æneid 520 Unfaithful imitations of details 521 Maltreatment of the Homeric characters 522 And of the Homeric Mythology and Ethics 523 [xvi] Æneas and Dido in the Shades beneath 525 The woman characters of Homer and Virgil 527 Virgil’s insufficient care of minor proprieties 528 And of the order of natural phenomena 529 Use of exaggeration in Homer and in Virgil 530 Contrast of principal aims respectively 531 Character of the Bard; not found in Virgil 532 Post-Homeric change in the idea of the Poet’s office 533 Virgil’s poetical disadvantages 534 Comparison of the Trojan War with the Crusades 535 Rinaldo and Achilles 535 Exaggerations of bulk in Homer and in Tasso 536 Mr. Hallam’s judgment on the Jerusalem 537 Tasso’s poetical disadvantages 538 The man Achilles in relation to the Iliad 539 Liberation of the Sepulchre in relation to the Gerusalemme 540 Intrusion of incongruous elements 542 Relative prominence of Tancredi and Rinaldo 543 The Woman-characters of Tasso 544 The Armida of Tasso 545 Her resemblances and inferiority to Dido 546 Her passion ill-sustained 546 Obtrusiveness of the amatory element 548 The Affront of Gernando 549 Difference in modes of describing personages 551 Battles and Similes of Tasso 552 Inferiority of the Return in the Gerusalemme 553 Tasso’s greatness except as compared with Homer 554 SECT. VI. Some principal Homeric Characters in Troy. Hector: Helen: Paris. Homer’s character-drawing power 555 Corruption of the later tradition 556 Why specially destructive in his case 557 Mure’s treatment of the Homeric characters 558 The character of Hector set off with generalities 558 It became the basis for that of Orlando 559 The martial heroism of Hector second-rate 559 His boastfulness his only moral fault 561 Hectoring and Rodomontading 562 Hector’s sense of the guilt and shame of Paris 563 His responsibilities beyond his strength 565 Brightness of his character as to the affections 567 His piety, gentleness, and equity 568 Inequality of his character as a whole 569 Apparent reason for it 569 [xvii]
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