STUDIES ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY OF DISTRICT MIANWALI AND ALLIED AREAS WITH

298 Pages·2013·19.66 MB·English

STUDIES ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY OF
DISTRICT MIANWALI AND ALLIED AREAS WITH
EMPHASIS ON ETHNOBOTANICAL USES

BY

RIAZ ALI SHAH

Department of Plant Sciences
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad
Pakistan
2013
STUDIES ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY OF
DISTRICT MIANWALI AND ALLIED AREAS WITH
EMPHASIS ON ETHNOBOTANICAL USES

A Thesis Submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

In
Plant Sciences
(Plant Systematics & Biodiversity)
By

RIAZ ALI SHAH

Department of Plant Sciences
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad
Pakistan
2013
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

IN THE NAME OF

ALLAH

The Most Merciful

The Most Beneficent
CERTIFICATE

This thesis, submitted by Mr. Riaz Ali Shah, is accepted in its present
form by the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad Pakistan as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Sciences (Plant Systematics & Biodiversity).

SUPERVISOR ____________________________
(Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan)

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-1 ____________________________

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-2 ____________________________

CHAIRPERSON ____________________________
(Department of Plant Sciences)

Date__________________
CONTENTS

TITLES Page No

CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction to district Mianwali (Punjab) 1
1.1 Location 1
1.2 Geographical Division 1
1.3 Geo-climate 1
1.4 Ethnic structure and brief history 7
1.5 Linguistics 7
1.6 Places of interest 7
1.7 Hhydrography 8
1.8 Geomorphology 8
1.9 Soil 8
1.10 Area statement 8
1.11 Population size, growth and distribution 8
1.12 Agriculture : A socio-economic perspective of the area 10
1.13 Agroecology 12
1.14 Fauna of the area 12
1.15 Flora of the area 12
1.16 Indigenous culture for ethnobotanical uses 14
1.2 Ethnobotany : History and field guide to explore plant resources 15
1.2.1 Ethnobotanical culture and exploration 18
1.2.2 Ethnobotanical review in Pakistan 20
1.2.3 Worldwide overview of ethnobotany 29
1.3 Back ground justification for ethnobotanical exploration in district Mianwali 35
1.4 Objectives 35

CHAPTER: 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 District Mianwali : A heritage of ethnobotanical resources 36
2.2 Documentation of Ethnobotanical information 36
2.3 Plant collection and identification 37
2.3.1 Floral and ethnobotanial inventory 37
2.3.2 Pictorial guide 37
2.3.3 Questionnaire : Ethnobotanical documentation 38
CHAPTER: 3 RESULTS
45

CHAPTER: 4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Conservation of ethnobotanical resources in district Mianwali 199
4.2 Impact of urbanization on plant resources in district Mianwali 201
4.3 Documentation of indigenous knowledge in district Mianwali 202
4.4 Ethnomedicinal culture of plants utilization in District Mianwali 203
4.5 Relationship between community and medicinal plants in district Mianwali 205
4.6 Medicinal plants collection, processing and storage 207
4.7 Ethnoveterinary Knowledge in Mianwali 209
4.7.1 POTENTIAL OF ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE (EVM) IN MIANWALI 210
4.7.2 THREATS TO ETHNOVETERINARY KNOWLEDGE 215

4.8 Pressure on fuel wood and timber yielding species 217
4.9 Poverty alleviation & non timber forest products (NTFPs) 217
4.10 Impact of fodder species 218
4.11 Vegetables and pot herbs of the area 219
4.12 Beekeeping is useful incentive 220
4.13 Use of fruits yielding species 220
4.14 Current thinking and conservation strategy of Biodiversity in the Area 221
4.15 Conclusion 222
4.16 Recommendations 223

CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES
228
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to Almighty ALLAH, Who gave me the ability and strength to complete
this project and all respects are for His last Prophet MUHAMMAD (Peace and Blessing of
Allah Be Upon Him) guided me in every sphere of my life.

I am highly grateful to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan, Department of
Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad for his constant guidance, amicable
behavior, timely suggestions, and inspiration and encouragement throughout my studies.

I acknowledge the moral support and encouragement from Prof. Dr. Asghari
Bano, Chairperson & Dean, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad Pakistan.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Mushtaq Ahamd, Assistant Professor, Department of
Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad for his co-operation, valuable
suggestion, company and guidance during field visits always make me successful in
every field of life.

Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Muhammad Zafar, Herbarium Botanist,
Department of Plant Sciences, Q.A.U., for his encouraging behavior, co-operation and
support he rendered for completing my thesis.

Special thanks are extended to Dr. Shazia Sutlana, Sufayan and Farooq Dept. of Plant
Sciences, Q.A.U. for their prayers. Words always seem to shallow whenever it comes to my
dearest and loving family members. I am absolutely nothing without their support, guidance,
encouragement and especially their prayers.

RIAZ ALI SHAH
LIST OF PLATES
Plate # Title
Plate 1 View of Namal Lake surrounding by indigenous community of Chakrala
Plate 2 A view of Geomorphology of the Area
Plate 3 A Historical Town of Kalabagh
Plate 4 Indigenous communities surrounding by floral resources
Plate 5 Mining in the area
Plate 6 Drought in the area
Plate 7 Agricultural extension : A threat to floral diversity
Plate 8 Salt Deposits near Mari Indus
Plate 9 Reserve Urial at Kalabagh
Plate 10 A view of nomadic life
Plate 11 Grazing : A Threat to Floral Diversity
Plate 12 Fuel Wood Consumption : A Threat to Floral Diversity
Plate 13 Field Data on Floral Diversity by Author
Plate 14 Floral Identification in field
Plate 15 Ethnobotanical Documentation through male interviews
Plate 16 Documentation on Indigenous recipe through Questionnaire
Plate 17 Interviews from villagers
Plate 18 Ethnobotanical Documentation through female interviews
Plate 19 Information gathering from shopkeeper about home made products
Plate 20 Information on Bee Flora
Plate 21 Witania coagulans
Plate 22 Echinops echinatus
Plate 23 Tecumela undulata
Plate 24 Argemone mexicana
Plate 25 Solanum incanum
Plate 26 Ocimum americanum
Plate 27 Opuntia dillini
Plate 28 Salvadaro persica
Plate 29 Overgrazing by goats
Plate 30 Stunted growth by overgrazing
Plate 31 Use of Plant in thatching
Plate 32 Traditional house made of plants
Plate 33 People meeting place (Jirga) made up of plants
Plate 34 Shelter by the Dandrocalamus strictus
Plate 35 Use of plants in making home
Plate 36 Storage of Wheat husk
Plate 37 Interviews in the filed by the author
Plate 38 Interview from local herb seller
Plate 39 Trichodesma indicum
Plate 40 Acassia nilotica
Plate 41 Punica granatum
Plate 42 Uromastic (A type of Lizard) in the area
Plate 43 Seagull at the bank of River Indus
Plate 44 Way of transportation by Camel
Plate 45 Herbal Market Survey
Plate 46 Herbal Products display
Plate 47 Traditional well (for drinking and irrigation purposes)
Plate 48 Local hand pump for drinking purpose
Plate 49 Prosopus ciniraria
Plate 50 Boerhaavia procumbense
Plate 51 Zizyphus jujuba (wild fruit)
Plate 52 Typha ungustifolia
Plate 53 Periploca aphylla
Plate 54 Ceropegia bulbosa
Plate 55 Ottostegia limbata
Plate 56 Ajuga bracteosa
Plate 57 Silybum marianum
Plate 58 View of Dense Vegetation
Plate 59 Grasses on hills
Plate 60 A View of River Indus passing through Kalabagh
Plate 61 Overgrazing of domestic goats : A serious threat to plant biodiversity
Plate 62 Overgrazing view
Plate 63 Overgrazing by Cattles
Plate 64 Overgrazing in cultivated lands
Plate 65 Hibiscus wild species
Plate 66 Heliotropium strigosum
Plate 67 Industrialization : A serious threat to biodiversity
Plate 68 Newly established industries in the area
Plate 69 Collection of fuel by children
Plate 70 A female member carrying fuel wood
Plate 71 Wood cutter doing his job
Plate 72 Huge storage of fuel wood
Plate 73 Deforestation in area
Plate 74 Fuel wood cutting and transportation
Plate 75 Collection of Grass fodder
Plate 76 Collection and drying of medicinal plants
Plate 77 Transportation of timber wood
Plate 78 A View of Fuel Wood Transportation in remote village (Mari Indus)
Plate 79 Dried cow dung (an alternative fuel source)
Plate 80 Tea prepration through the use of dried cow dung
Plate 81 Labour making sheets
Plate 82 Sheets overview in the market
Plate 83 Bamboo for sale
Plate 84 Different kinds of sheets
Plate 85 Sheet preparation on machine
Plate 86 Display of sheets and other things
Plate 87 Some plant based products
Plate 88 Fancy and other items
Plate 89 Shelves and baskets etc.
Plate 90 Decoration pieces
Plate 91 Baskets and sweeping products
Plate 92 Different types of sweeping products
Plate 93 Kitchen used items and some other products
Plate 94 Products made by Arundo donax
Plate 95 Kitchen accessories
Plate 96 The use of wooden handles
Plate 97 Pestle made of wood
Plate 98 Display of ropes
Plate 99 Fodder collection at home level
Plate 100 Mechanical cutting of fodder
Plate 101 Agricultural implements
Plate 102 Shovel (Belcha)
Plate 103 Vegetables display in the market
Plate 104 Fresh vegetables
Plate 105 Fruits and aerial parts of some herbs
Plate 106 Herbal products
Plate 107 Honey Bee keeping boxes
Plate 108 Brassica campestris (Honey bee visiting plant)
Plate 109 Helianthus annus (Honey bee visiting plant)
Plate 110 Rosa alba (Honey bee visiting plant)
Plate 111 Flowers and bucket display
Plate 112 Rose petals for ceremonies
Plate 113 Aquatic Flora of the area
Plate 114 Nelumbo nucifera
Plate 115 A local healer administrating the goats
Plate 116 Treading dog
Plate 117 Licking Salt and powdered herbs