Studies on capillary permeability

93 Pages·03.909 MB·English

by  Yang, William C. T

STUDIES ON CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
A Thesis
Presented to
the F aculty of the Department o f Zoology
U niversity of Southern C aliforn ia
In P artial F ulfillm en t
of the Requirements for the Degree
M aster of Science
by
W illiam 0* T. Yang
June 1950
UMI Number: EP67185
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This thesis, written by
W illiam Chi Tea Xang
under the guidance of h.\&.. Faculty Committee,
and approved by all its members, has been
presented to and accepted by the Council on
Graduate Study and Research in partial fulfill­
ment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
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i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
STUDIES ON CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY.............................................. 1
Purpose of the s t u d y ......................... 1
I n tr o d u c tio n ............................................................................................ 3
Morphology o f c a p illa r ie s ......................................................... 6
Structure of cap illary bed .............................................. 6
The h istology o f the cap illary w a l l .......................... 9
Physiology o f c a p illa r ie s ................................................... 10
Independent cap illary c o n tra c tility and vaso-
m o t io n ....................................................... 10
The change of cap illary c a lib e r .................................... 11
In tercellu la r cement and the pore size . • • . 13
Gradient of p e r m e a b ility .................................................... 17
Factors effectin g normal functioning
c a p illa r ie s .................................................................................. 19
E x p er im e n ta l............................................................................................ 28
A pparatus................................................................................................. 28
M e th o d ...................................................................................................... 30
C alibration and sta n d a rd iza tio n ......................................... 35
C alibration for conversion factor of weight
change . .................................................................................. 35
Timing the k ym ograph ................................................................... 36
pH adjustment of the p e r f u s a t e ......................................... 36
A nalysis of records and computations ..................... . 38
i l
PAGE
Perfusion experim ents and resu lts .......................................... 39
Graphic an alysis of the d a t a .................................................... kk
D is c u s s io n ................................................................................................. 55
Factors e ffe ctin g the change of w eight of the
p rep a ra tio n ....................................................................................... 55
Factors effe ctin g the rate of f l o w ..................................... 56
C on clu sion s................................................................................................. 63
Summary............................................................................................................ 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 65
APPENDIX I ....................................................................................................... 73
APPENDIX I I ....................................................................................................... 82
i l l
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE PAGE
I* Diagrammatic Sketch of the A pparatus................. 31
2. Photograph o f the A p p a r a tu s.................................... 32.
3. Photograph of the Perfusion R eservoir B ottle
w ith Bubble Trap and Pressure R egulating
Safety Valve ..................................................... 36
k* Kymographic Record Showing E ffect of Vitamin C
on the Rate of Edema F orm ation..................................... 51
5« Kymographic Record Showing E ffect of Vitamin C
on the Rate o f Edema Formation (corrected
o ry sta llo id a l osm otlve pressure in control
perfusate • • • • « • • • • • • • • ............................ 52
6. Kymographic Record Showing E ffect of Low Oxygen
Supply on the Rate of Edema Formation . . . • 53
7. Kymographic Record Showing E ffect of Carbon
Dioxide on the Rate of Edema Formation . . . . 5^
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. D istribution of I n itia l Slope (perfusion w ith
control p e r f u s a t e ) ......................... 46
la . D istribution of 18 Experiments into Three
Groups According to Their I n itia l Rates of
Edema F orm ation........................................................................ 46
2. D istrib u tion of Percentage Change of Slope as
E ffected by Vitamin C with Reference to the
In itia l Slope ............................................................................. 47
2a. D istribution o f 19 Experiments in Three Groups
of D ifferen t M agnitudes of Percentage Change
of S l o p e ....................................................................................... 47
3. R elation Between Change of Slope (effected by
vitam in C) and InitieJ. S l o p e .................................... 48
4. R elation Between Percentage Change of Slope and
In itia l Slope ............................................................................. 49
5. D istribution of In itia l Rate of Flow (perfusion
with control perfusate) and Maximal Change of
Rate of F lo w ............................................................................. 50
5a. D istribution of 26 Experiments in D ifferent
Rate of Flow and in D ifferent Maximal Change
of Rate of F lo w ........................................................................ 50
STUDIES ON CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Vitamin C has been claim ed to be e ffe ctiv e c lin ic a lly
in the treatm ent of traum atic in ju ries and post-traum atic
shock by Holmes (19^2) and Lowensteln (19^ * Experim entally
it has been dem onstrated that adm inistration of vitam in C
prolonged the su rvival tim e of experim ental animals a fter
severe bleeding and traum atic injury (Stewart 19^1# M cDevitt
19^*0 • Vitamin C given a fter trauma has been claim ed to be
e ffe c tiv e in reducing the m ortality rate from traum atic
shock in cats (Ungar 19^3)* When given before bleeding, it
was e ffe c tiv e in preventing the development of haemorrhagic
shock in guinea p igs (Dosne de Pasqualinl 19L6). There is ,
as y e t, no sa tisfa cto ry explanation of it s e ffe c t. The
increase of ca p illa ry perm eability has been designated as
one of the most important factors in the etiology o f shock
(Moon 19^2). There was a p o ssib ility that vitam in C might
exert it s e ffe c t prim arily by con trollin g cap illary permea­
b ility . No experim ents have been performed testin g the
d irect effe ct of vitam in C on cap illary perm eability. The
purpose of th is study was to determ ine d irectly the
rela tio n sh ip , i f any, between vitam in C and cap illary
perm eability.
The perfusion method was chosen for use in the
present study on account of it s sim p licity and ease of con­
tr o l of the experim ental conditions.
Frogs (Hana p lp len s) have been used su ccessfu lly by
many workers in perfusion experim ents and were used here.
Since the frog is a poikilotherm ic anim al, no temperature
adjustm ent needed to be made; thus com plications associated
w ith control o f temperature was avoided. Furthermore, as
the oxygen consumption of the frog is low in comparison with
experim ental mammals, perfusion flu id saturated w ith oxygen
would be su ffic ie n t to meet the oxygen requirement of the
tissu e . Whereas in mammals, it would be necessary to add
red corpuscles to perfusion flu id in order to supply ade­
quate amount o f oxygen to the tissu e . Com plications due to
the e ffe c t of vitam in C on red corpuscles and e ffe c t o f red
oorpuscles on vitam in C were therefore ruled out sin ce the
perfusion flu id did not contain red corpuscles.
Several se rie s of experim ents not d ir ec tly rela ted to
the study of e ffe c t of vitam in C were included prim arily to
check the various factors which may Influence the r esu lts of
the experim ents on the study of the e ffe c t o f vitam in C,
that is , the study of the e ffe c t of low oxygen ten sion , the
study of the e ffe c t o f carbon dioxide, and the study of the
e ffe c t of c ry sta llo id a l osm otic pressure.
3
INTRODUCTION
The enormously Important functions of the c a p illa r ie s
in the economic order of the body can be illu str a te d by the
follow in g statem ent by Moon (19^2):
The ch ief functions of the blood-supplying oxygen and
other substances to the tissu e c e lls and elim ination of
waste products— are accom plished by d iffu sion through
the cap illary endothelium . The area of th is d iffu sion
must be increased in a degree proportionate to the
increased m etabolic a c tiv ity .
C apillary endothelium not only serves as a barrier between
blood and the tissu e flu id which is the immediate environ­
ment of the c e lls , it also controls exchange of m aterials
w ith the external environment. An understanding of normal
ca p illa ry physiology is a n ecessity for understanding the
en tire physiology o f the liv in g organism , and also serves to
explain the causes and com plications o f many circu latory
fa ilu re s and d isord ers.
The endothelium is a sem i-perm eable membrane. The
variation of perm eability of cap illary endothelium under
normal conditions serves as a means of adjustment of circu­
la tio n to the needs of the nearby tissu e s. However, various
substances may a lte r the ca p illa ry perm eability and thus
in fluence it s normal function in the body. An Increased
ca p illa ry perm eability u su ally resu lts in an increase in
lymph flow and a decrease o f blood plasma volume (hemocon-
cen tra tio n ).