Studies of the relation of mineral elements to the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on rice

180 Pages·010.955 MB·English

by  Ishaque, Mohammed

& m m m of tbb bm tioh or w m im h m M m m to tm effect of
a^oicaoBCPHM om osi^o acid on a m
A I&asert&iion
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
Louisiana State University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College
In partial fulfliaiaeot of the
retirem ents fbr the degree of
Sector of Philosophy
in
The Department of Botany, Bacteriology, and
Plant Pathology
hy
Mohammad Ishaque
B«A«, University of Calcutta, 1942
M*A», University of Calcutta, 1944
August, 1949
UMI Number: DP69336
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MANUSCRIPT THESES
Unpublished theses submitted for the master's and doctorfs
degrees and deposited in the Louisiana State University Library
are available for inspection* Use of any thesis is limited by the
rights of the author* Bibliographical references may be noted3 but
passages may not be copied unless the author has given permission*
Credit must be given in subsequent written or published work.
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LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
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TABLE OF CONTESTS
X AOCHOfflEDCKaiKTS
XX TABLE 07 CONTENTS
XXX LIST 07 TABLES V
X? LIST 07 FTCUBES x
7 LIST OF PLATES x ti
71 ABSTBACT X*7
VXX INTHQBUCTION X
T ill LITERATURE EBTIW 4
IX BATBMALS AND METHODS 15
x pmxuiKABx experiments 22
EHfce* of 2,4.0 on germination of eight ts$ist& es of xioQ 22
J&ffeei of different concentrations of 2#4**i m seedlings
of the 2enith variety of aiee 34
Effeet of 0*1 p*p*»* 2#4»I> m seedlings of six varieties
of rice 37
XI FAKT I 30
STUDIES or THE EFFECT OF MAJOR U S ! M M T S OH THE
action of 2,4-b oh m m 30
Ax Chemicals furnishing the elements added to the
culture mecdm 30
1* Laboratorye xporijaenta 30
2» Greenhouse experiments 42
B, Seed# •oatod la aotatton# ««itoi»tng to# elements 64
1. Laboratorye xperiments 64
2* greenhousee xperiments 68
i l l
minim m*mim m*®mm
o f the effect of minor oh the
ACTION OF 2,4-0 OH HICK 76
K Chemicals furnishing the elements added to the
culture medium 76
B* Seeds soaked In solutions containing the elements 79
m o m of the combined effect of major and mmn nmmm:
m*wmm m tm action of 2,4-0 oh rick ao
Xix PART XX 04
studies of the effect of seed m ax& sm with fungigxdes
OH THE ACTION OF 2,4-0 OH HICK 04
A. Seed treatment by dusting with fungicides 04
1# laboratory experiment© 04
2a Greenhouse experiments 92
0* Seed treatment by dusting ©1th fungicides and then
soaking In water 95
1* Laboratory ea^erlments 95
2* Greenhouse experiments 97
XXXI PART XXX 101
m rm
studies op m sw io m of j u m m gahsoh effect
OF 2,4-0 OH HICK 1CXL
A* Laboratory experiments 101
B» Greenhouse experiments 110
1* Activated carbon dusted on the seed coats 110
2* Activated carbon applied In s d l mixture 112
3, Activated carbon sprayed on the soil 117
XXV DISCUSSION 124
XV S0MMAHX l4 l
XVI LITERATURE GITED 144
XVII PUBLICATIONS 149
X7ZII BIOORAPHX 150
iv
LIST OF1 TABLES
Table
1* Per Gent Cterainatictn of Eight V arieties of Klee in Different
Concentrations of 2,4~B* Averages of Pew Replications. 23
.
2 Effect of different Conceaitrfttlons of 2, 4-8 on (terminating
Seedlings of the Senlth Variety of fUes* Ms&surements of
Shoots and Boots Taken after seven Days of Growth in P etri
Plates* Averages of 4o Measurements* 25
3* Effect of 2,4-B m Germinating Seedlings of Six V arieties of
Rice, Measurements of Boot Length Taken after Ten Bays of
Growth in P etri Plates* Averages of Three B ^eriaents with
Four Iteplieatipao in Each* 28
4* Effect of Chemicals ftm&shing major Kutrient Elements cm the
Action of 2,4*8 on (terminating Seedlings of Klee* Measure*
sente of Shoot and Boot Lengths Taken after Seven Days of
Growth in P etri Plates* Averages of Three Espe risen ts with
Tiro to Four Replications Each* 32
5« Effect of Chemicals Furnishing Nutrient Elements on the
Action of Lethal Ooneentrations of 2,4*IL Measurements of
Shoot and Boot Lengths Taken after Seven Days of Growth in
P etri Plates* Averages of 4) Measurements* 37
6 Effect of Three Organic Compounds on the Action of 2,4~B m
*
Germinating Rice Seedlings* Measurements Taken after Seven
Says of Growth in P etri Plates* Averages of do Measurements* 33
^ 7# Average Lengths (In on*) of Shoot and Hoot of Bice Seedlings
after Two Weeks of Growth in Soil to which nutrients were
Added a t the Tine of Planting of Seeds and 2,4-p Sprayed as
Pre-emergence Treatments* Averages of 20 Measurements* 44
S* Effect of D ifferent Nutrients on the Action of 2,4*8 on Rice
Seedlings Grown in Soil* Sutrients Added to the Soil a t
the Tine of Planting of Seeds a t the Kate of 4o Pounds
per Acre and 2,4-8 Sprayed as a Pre-emergence Treatment* 4?
9* Relative Lengths of Shoots and Roots Of Seedlings after Two
Weeks of Growth in Soil to which Mutrlenfca were Added and
2/2 Pound 2,4-8 per Acre was Sprayed as a Pre-emergence
Treatment* 50
10* Average Length® (In m +) of SBloots and Roots of Moo
deedllngs after Three Weeks of Growth in Soil to Which
D ifferent N utrients were Added a t the Bata of SO Pounds
Acre a t the Mae of Planting of Seed#* 2,4-0 Sprayed
a# Pre*eaergemoe and Post-eaergenoe Treatments at the Rato
of 3/2 Pound par Acre* Averages of m Measurements* 57
11* Effect of Different Nutrients Added to the Soil at the Time
of Planting of Seeds a t the Rate of SO Pounds per lore on
the Action of 2,4*B on Mas Seedlings* Per Gent Inhibitions
Calculated from the Rata of fable 10% 59
32% Effect of A fferent N utrients Added to the Sell (Poor Rapa
after the PooVemergence Applicable^! of 2,4.0) on the Action
of 2,4.0 on Mee Seedlings* fefcrlents Added at the Rate of
30 Poinds per Mm$ 2,4.0 %>rayed a t the Rate of l/2 Pound
per Acre when the Seedlings mere One f#ek Old* Averages of
20 Measurements# dj
13* Effect of 2&fferent Jfutrisat Elements Introduced into the
Seeds by Prcwicehittg in Solutions Gontaining the Elements
m the Action of 2,4*0 on Rice Seedlings* Measurements of
Shoot end Root Lengths Taken after Seven Raya of Growth in
P etri Plates Containing 0*1 pvp*m* 2»4»$ Solution# Summary
of Two Experiments with Four Implications Rash# S5
14, Effect of D ifferent Nutrient ELements (Introduced into the
Seeds by Pre>»#oaMng in 0*5 per cent Solutions of' Compounds
Furnishing Single Major Nutrient Llomanis) on the Action of
0*1 p*p*n* 2,4.0 on Rests of Bice Seedlings* Measurements
Tdcen after Thirteen Bays of Growth in P etri H ates Containing
2,4-0* Summary of Tm Ibperdsmt* with Four Replicaticns
Each* 67
15, Effect of D ifferent H uhdett Mements {Introclxcod into the
Seeds by tak in g in 1*0 per cent Solutions of Compounds
Ihrniahing One or More Nutrient Momenta) 021 the Action
of 2,4.0 on Rice Seedlings Orem in Soil* 2,4-0 Sprayed
as Pre-Mergence Treatments at the Rate of 1/2 Pound per
Acre* Measurements of 2~Week-0ld Seedlings* Averages of
20 Measurements* &
Id* Effect of Pre-aoaSdng of deeds in Nutrient Solutions on the
Stimulation of Shoot Growth and on the Action of 2,4*0 on
Shoot* 70
17. Average lengths of Shoot and Itoofc of Rice Seedlings after
Three Weeks of Growth in Soil* deeds Soaked in 0*5 per cent
Solutions of D ifferent Chemicals for 48 Rears* 2,4-0
Sprayed a t the Rate of 1/2 Pound per Acre as Pr©~emergence
and PostHwaergenoe Applications* Averages of 20 Measurements* 74
vt
IB* Effect of Nutrient Dm Ii on th© Action of 2,4® on Bloe
Seedlings* Nutrients Introduced into the Seeds by Seeking
in Oheateal Solutions Containing the Nutrients for 4& Hours
before Planting* 2,4-® Sprayed at the Bate of 1/2 Pound per
Acre as Pre-emergence and Post-emergence Applications* '*
19* Effect of Minor Nutrient Elements can the Action of 2 ,4 d
on Germinating Rice Seedlings* Measurements Taken after
ten Bays of Growth in P etri H ates Oontaining the Elements
and 0*1 p*p*n* 2,4-®* Buaaary ©f B^eidaent# with ^
Pour Replications Bash* ^
20* Effect of Minor Hubrlenb Elements on the Action of 2,4-®
on Roots of Rice Seedlings. Nutrients Introduced into the
Beads by Soaking in Solutions Containing the nutrients*
Measurements Taken, after Seven Beys of Growth in P etri
Plates Oontaining 2,4*®* Averages of 40 Measurements* BD
21* The Combined Effect of Major and Minor Nutrient Elements
on the lotion of 2*4® on the Roots of Geminating Rise
Seedlings* Measurements Taken after Seven Bays of Growth in
P etri Plates Containing 0.1 p.p.*. 2*4-® Solutions which
also Contained D ifferent Major and Minor Nutrient moments.
Averages of 4q Measurements* 82
22* Effect of Seed Treatment by Dusting with Fungicides on
the Action of 2*4-® on the Germinating Jtiee Seedlings.
Measurements Taken, afte r Seven Bays of Growth In P etri
Plates Containing 0*1 p*p«&« 2*4*® Solutions. Summary
of Two Experiments with Four Replications Each. B6
23* Effect of Seed Treatment by Busting with Ehnglaides on
the Action of 2,4® en Germinating Rice Seedlings.
Measurements Taken after Nine Buys of Growth in P etri
Plates Containing 0 to 10 p.p.m. Solutions of 2,4® .
Averages of 10 Measurements from Bach of the Four Repli­
cations* &S
24* Effect of D ifferent Rates of 2*4® on Seedling Emergence.
Seeds Treated with Fungicide Dusts before Planting*
Qnergenee Counted Seven Bays after Planting of Seeds*
Averages of Three Replications. 93
25* Average lengths (In cm*) of Shoot and Root of Rice Seedlings
after Two Weeks of Growth in Soils Sprayed with 2*4® at
Different Rates* Beads Treated with Fungicide Busts before ,
Planting* Averages of 30 Measurements* 9%
26* Effect of Bead Treatment by Dusting with Slrngi aides an the
Action of 2*4® on Germinating Rice Seedlings in Boil*
2*4® %>rayed a t Different Rates as Pre-emergence Treatments* .
Calculated from Bata of Table 25# 94
v il
27* Effect of a Seed Treatment (F irst Busting with Ftagicides
and than Soaking in Water fo r 4a Hours) m the Action of
2.4-D on Oezttinatlng IMo* Seedlings* Measurements Taken
afte r fen Days of Growth in F etri Plates containing 0*1
p. p.m. 2,4-0 Se&uttons* Summary of Three H^erlaent® with
Two Replications Each. 96
28* Effect of a Bead Treatment (F irst Dusting with Fungicide©
and then Soaking in Water fo r 48 Boors) on the Action of
2.4-0 cm Germinating I&ee Seedlings* Measurements Taken
afte r Two Weeks of Growth in Soil* Sprayed with 2,4-0 at
the Bate of 1/2 Found per Acre as a Pre-emergence Application*
Averages of 20 Measurements* 9g
29* Effect of Bead Treatment with Activated Carton (H oritB)
on the Action of 2,4*0 on Germinating M m Seedlings*
Measurement* Taken after 3mm Bays of Growth in Petri
Plates Containing D ifferent Concentrations of 2,4-0*
dunmary of Three Experiments with Four Replications Each. 102
30* Effect of F iltering 2,4-0 through Activated Carbon (HerAt B).
Measurement* of the lengths of the Shoots and the Boots of
RLee Seedlings Taken after Seven Bays of drouth in P etri
Plates Containing Solutions of 2,4-0 and the Filtrates*
Summary of Three Es^erlmenta with Four Replications Each* 107
31* Effect of Activated Carbon (Merit A) Applied in Soil
Mixture Covering the Seeds on the Action of 2,4-0 on Seed­
ling Skergenee of 1ft c®* Emergence Counts Made after Seven
Bays* 2,4-0 Sprayed a t D ifferent Bates on the Soil as Fro-
emergence Applications. Averages of Four Replications. 314
32* Effect of Activated Carton (Merit A) Applied in Soil Mixture
Covering the Seeds on the Action of 2,4-0 on Bice Seedlings*
Measurements Taken af te r Two Weeks of Growth in Soil Sprayed
with 2,4-0 at D ifferent Bate© as Pre-emergence Applications.
Averages of 10 Measurements fro® Each of Four Replications. 115
33* Effect of Activated Carbon (Horlt A) Sprayed on the Surface
of the Soil in Bows Planted with Bioe Seeds m the Action of
2.4-0 on Seedling Baergence* 2,4-0 Sprayed a t the Bate of
2 Founds per Acre on the Soil as a Pre-emergence Application.
Siergenee Counts Made after Seven Bays. Averages of Three
Replications. 118
34* E ffect of Activated Gaybon (Norit A) Sprayed on the Surface
of the Soil in Bows Planted with J&ee Seeds on the Action
of 2,4-0 on Shoots of Seedlings. 2,4-0 grayed at the Bate
of 2 Pounds per Acre on the Soil as a Pre-emergence Applica­
tion* Measurements Taken after Seventeen Bays of Growth.
Averages of 10 Measurements ffcoa Each of Three Replications. 120
viH